Table 2.
Results of objective measures (gait, turning, balance) captured by body-worn sensors at each visit along with the Timed 25 Foot Walk, self-rated balance (ABC), gait (MSWS-12), and disability (SR-EDSS) questionnaires for each visit. The linear mixed model results showed that there was no significant change in any parameter across time for any group (Time column) but that the measures differed by group (Control, MSmild, MSmod, Group column). The comparisons leading to significant separations between groups are noted (a, b, c). No single group changed across time differently than other groups (Interaction column).
| Baseline | Month 6 | Month 12 | Month 18 | Linear Mixed Model | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control n = 18 | Control n = 11 | Control n = 10 | Control n = 8 | ||||||||||
| MSmild n = 13 | MSmild n = 10 | MSmild n = 11 | MSmild n = 10 | ||||||||||
| MSmod n = 14 | MSmod n = 10 | MSmod n = 10 | MSmod n = 12 | ||||||||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| Mean | SEM | Mean | SEM | Mean | SEM | Mean | SEM | Time | Group | Interaction | |||
| Gait measures | |||||||||||||
|
| |||||||||||||
|
Stride Velocity (%height/s) |
Control | 103.4 | 2.6 | 105.6 | 3 | 110.2 | 3.2 | 105.8 | 4.1 | F-value | 0.7 | 13.8 | 0.4 |
|
|
|||||||||||||
| MSmild | 99.3 | 3.2 | 102.6 | 3.4 | 100.6 | 3.6 | 103.3 | 3.8 | p | 0.6 | <0.0001 a,b | 0.8 | |
|
|
|||||||||||||
| MSmod | 94.5 | 2.7 | 93.5 | 3.2 | 97.4 | 3.4 | 93 | 2.9 | |||||
|
| |||||||||||||
|
Trunk ROM Yaw (degrees) |
Control | 9.7 | 0.8 | 9.1 | 1 | 8.6 | 1.1 | 8.4 | 1.3 | F-value | 0.5 | 6 | 0.5 |
|
|
|||||||||||||
| MSmild | 11.1 | 1 | 11.2 | 1.1 | 12.2 | 1.2 | 12.1 | 1.2 | p | 0.7 | 0.003 c | 0.8 | |
|
|
|||||||||||||
| MSmod | 11.3 | 0.9 | 9.3 | 1 | 9.4 | 1.1 | 9.5 | 0.9 | |||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| Turning measures | |||||||||||||
|
| |||||||||||||
|
Turning duration (s) |
Control | 1.65 | 0.08 | 1.52 | 0.09 | 1.49 | 0.09 | 1.78 | 0.12 | F-value | 1.2 | 2.6 | 1 |
|
|
|||||||||||||
| MSmild | 1.84 | 0.09 | 1.65 | 0.1 | 1.63 | 0.1 | 1.64 | 0.11 | p | 0.3 | 0.07 | 0.4 | |
|
|
|||||||||||||
| MSmod | 1.73 | 0.08 | 1.85 | 0.09 | 1.71 | 0.1 | 1.77 | 0.09 | |||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| Balance measures | |||||||||||||
|
| |||||||||||||
|
Sway Area EO (m2/s5) |
Control | 0.0024 | 0.001 | 0.0025 | 0.0012 | 0.0026 | 0.0013 | 0.0029 | 0.0016 | F-value | 0.7 | 9.5 | 0.4 |
|
|
|||||||||||||
| MSmild | 0.0018 | 0.0013 | 0.0026 | 0.0014 | 0.0017 | 0.0015 | 0.003 | 0.0015 | p | 0.6 | 0.0001 a,b | 0.9 | |
|
|
|||||||||||||
| MSmod | 0.0057 | 0.0011 | 0.0078 | 0.0013 | 0.0042 | 0.0014 | 0.0058 | 0.0012 | |||||
|
| |||||||||||||
|
Sway Area EC (m2/s5) |
Control | 0.0029 | 0.0019 | 0.003 | 0.0024 | 0.0028 | 0.0024 | 0.0033 | 0.003 | F-value | 0.5 | 6.1 | 0.2 |
|
|
|||||||||||||
| MSmild | 0.0068 | 0.0025 | 0.0052 | 0.0027 | 0.0044 | 0.0027 | 0.0042 | 0.0027 | p | 0.7 | 0.003 a | 0.9 | |
|
|
|||||||||||||
| MSmod | 0.0101 | 0.0022 | 0.0112 | 0.0027 | 0.0061 | 0.0027 | 0.0088 | 0.0023 | |||||
|
| |||||||||||||
|
nJerk ML EC (unitless) |
Control | 2.89 | 0.17 | 2.91 | 0.21 | 2.91 | 0.21 | 2.82 | 0.26 | F-value | 0.8 | 9.1 | 0.1 |
|
|
|||||||||||||
| MSmild | 2.23 | 0.22 | 2.23 | 0.23 | 2.38 | 0.23 | 2.04 | 0.22 | p | 0.5 | 0.0002 a,c | 0.9 | |
|
|
|||||||||||||
| MSmod | 2.51 | 0.19 | 2.41 | 0.23 | 2.7 | 0.23 | 2.25 | 0.2 | |||||
|
| |||||||||||||
|
range ML EC (m/s2) |
Control | 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.1 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.04 | F-value | 0.4 | 9 | 0.3 |
|
|
|||||||||||||
| MSmild | 0.16 | 0.03 | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.16 | 0.04 | 0.16 | 0.04 | p | 0.7 | 0.0002 | 0.9 | |
|
|
|||||||||||||
| MSmod | 0.19 | 0.03 | 0.24 | 0.04 | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.22 | 0.03 | |||||
|
| |||||||||||||
|
Sway Area Ratio (unitless) |
Control | 6.5 | 9.6 | 8.6 | 11.7 | -1.55 | 11.8 | 11.9 | 14 | F-value | 0.7 | 5.6 | 0.5 |
|
|
|||||||||||||
| MSmild | 39.8 | 11.7 | 42.07 | 12.3 | 14.13 | 13.1 | 15.9 | 13.1 | p | 0.5 | 0.004 a,c | 0.8 | |
|
|
|||||||||||||
| MSmod | 30.8 | 10.3 | 33.8 | 12.4 | 31.6 | 12.4 | 35.1 | 11.7 | |||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| Self-rated measures and T25FW | |||||||||||||
|
| |||||||||||||
|
T25FW (s) |
Control | 3.9 | 0.1 | 4 | 0.2 | 3.9 | 0.2 | 4 | 0.2 | F-value | 0.2 | 7.4 | 0.4 |
|
|
|||||||||||||
| MSmild | 4.1 | 0.2 | 3.9 | 0.2 | 4.2 | 0.2 | 4.1 | 0.2 | p | 0.9 | 0.001 a,b | 0.9 | |
|
|
|||||||||||||
| MSmod | 4.3 | 0.1 | 4.4 | 0.2 | 4.3 | 0.2 | 4.4 | 0.1 | |||||
|
| |||||||||||||
|
ABC (unitless) |
Control | 98.2 | 2.8 | 99.2 | 4 | 98.1 | 3.8 | 98.5 | 4.2 | F-value | 0.02 | 43 | 0.06 |
|
|
|||||||||||||
| MSmild | 94.5 | 3.8 | 94.4 | 4 | 95.6 | 4 | 95.3 | 4 | p | 1 | <0.0001 a,b | 1 | |
|
|
|||||||||||||
| MSmod | 76.7 | 3.2 | 76.9 | 3.7 | 74.3 | 4 | 76.1 | 3.3 | |||||
|
| |||||||||||||
|
MS12W-1 2 (unitless) |
Control | 0 | 3.4 | 0.2 | 4.6 | 0.2 | 4.6 | 0.6 | 5.1 | F-value | 0.1 | 85 | 0.4 |
|
|
|||||||||||||
| MSmild | 2.3 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.8 | 4.1 | 4.8 | 3 | 4.8 | p | 0.9 | <0.0001 a,b | 0.9 | |
|
|
|||||||||||||
| MSmod | 42.5 | 3.9 | 33.7 | 4.5 | 37.5 | 4.8 | 35 | 4 | |||||
|
| |||||||||||||
| SR-EDSS | Msmild | 1.9 | 0.3 | 2.5 | 0.3 | 2.7 | 0.3 | 1.8 | 0.3 | F-value | 1.4 | 79 | 0.4 |
|
|
|||||||||||||
| MSmod | 4.3 | 0.2 | 4.2 | 0.3 | 4.6 | 0.3 | 4 | 0.2 | p | 0.2 | <0.0001 | 0.7 | |
= group differences between controls and MS moderate p < 0.05, Bonferroni adjusted for 3 comparisons.
= group differences between MS mild and MS moderate p < 0.05, Bonferroni adjusted for 3 comparisons.
= group differences between controls and MS mild p < 0.05, Bonferroni adjusted for 3 comparisons.
ABC, Activities of Balance Confidence scale; EC, eyes closed; EO, eyes open; m, meter; ML, medio-lateral; MSmod, MS moderately disabled; MSWS12, Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale-12; nJERK, normalized Jerk; s, second; SR-EDSS, self-rated Expanded Disability Status Scale; T25FW, Timed 25 Foot Walk.