Differences in behavior in males with and without nest boxes (referred to as Owners and Non-owners, respectively), and with and without T increases. A) Log (Complete Songs+1), a measure of song rate. B) Average Bout Length, a measure of song quality only available for singing birds. For this analysis, only owners with and without T increases were compared (using Student’s T test) due to low sample sizes in other groups. C) Log (Displacements+1), a measure of agonistic/territorial behavior. Mean + SEM. * indicates p values of <.05 for post hoc comparisons run after significant main effects or interactions were identified. See text for main effects and exact p values.