Table 3.

Association between S-PBQ total scores at 1 month postpartum and other psychosocial and emotional variables. Linear regression models (n=2995) adjusted for maternal age, marital status, poverty status, and education.

Variable	N (%)	Adjusted mean (SD) S-PBQ score	p-value
Race/Ethnicity a
Non-Hispanic White	2498 (83.5)	47.6 (0.39)	Ref
Non-Hispanic Black	216 (7.2)	48.0 (0.30)	0.262
Hispanic	164 (5.5)	48.1 (0.41)	0.832
Other	115 (3.8)	47.0 (0.44)	0.004
Mode of Birth
Normal vaginal	1873 (62.5)	47.7 (0.41)	Ref
Vaginal assisted†	260 (8.7)	47.7 (0.40)	0.613
C-section planned	155 (5.2)	47.5 (0.40)	0.340
C-section unplanned	707 (23.6)	47.5 (0.40)	0.068
Newborn Birth Complications
Yes	380 (12.7)	47.4 (0.41)	0.042
No	2615 (87.3)	47.7 (0.40)	Ref
Extent of Rooming-in with Baby
All of the time	1051 (35.1)	47.9 (0.39)	Ref
Most of the time	1551 (51.8)	47.6 (0.38)	0.007
Some of the time	257 (8.6)	47.1 (0.40)	<0.001
None of the time	136 (4.5)	47.7 (0.40)	0.479
Infant Colic b
Yes	349 (11.7)	46.2 (0.42)	<0.001
No	2639 (88.3)	47.8 (0.41)	Ref
Breastfeeding at 1 month c
Yes	2088 (76.0)	47.5 (0.36)	0.799
No	658 (24.0)	47.8 (0.41)	Ref
Maternal Pain at 1 month
Pain	1074 (35.9)	47.2 (0.38)	<0.001
No Pain	1921 (64.1)	47.9 (0.39)	Ref
Relationship Quality
Perfect or extremely happy	1878 (62.7)	47.9 (0.45)	Ref
Very happy to extremely unhappy	956 (31.9)	47.1 (0.51)	<0.001
No partner or significant other	161 (5.4)	48.0 (0.22)	0.003
Maternal Stress		-0.281‡	<0.001
Postpartum Depression d		-0.326‡	<0.001
Social Support		0.138‡	<0.001
Partner baby support e		0.340‡	<0.001

^an=2993;

^bn=2988;

^cn=2746;

^dn=2992;

^en=2831

^†Vaginal assisted birth is defined by the use of forceps or vacuum extraction

^‡Beta coefficient reported for continuous variables