Table 1. Characteristics of included studies.

Serial no.	Country (ref)	Setting	Study year	Duration (months)	Syndromes/diseases studied	Diagnostic method	Prior antibiotic usage	Population (age)	Number of positive bacterial growth	Number of cases with S. pneumoniae
1	India [10]	Hospital based prospective study	Sep'78–Feb'81	29	Meningitis	CSF gram stain, culture & CIEP	Reported prior antibiotic usage	70 (<15 years)	29	13
2	India [11]	Hospital based prospective study	Feb'85–Dec'87	23	Pneumonia	Blood culture	Did not report prior antibiotic usage	331 (<6 years)	28	8
3	India [12]	Hospital based prospective study	Jan'89–Apr'90	16	Meningitis	CSF culture, Gram stain and LAT	Did not report prior antibiotic usage	114 (2 mth-11 yr)	55	15
4	India [13]	Hospital based prospective study	Sep'88–Aug'89	12	Pneumonia	Blood culture, Throat swab and NPA culture	Did not report prior antibiotic usage	132 (<12 years)	34	13
5	India [14]	Hospital based prospective study	1993–1997	48	Pneumonia, Meningitis, Septicemia	Blood culture and CSF culture	Reported prior antibiotic usage	5738 (<12 yrs)	N.A.	156
6	India [15]	Hospital based prospective study	Sep'94–Apr'96	20	Meningitis	CSF culture, cel count, biochemistry and LAT	Reported prior antibiotic use	100 (1mth – 12 yrs)	35	12
7	India [16]	Hospital based prospective study	Mar'95–Feb'97	24	Pneumonia	Blood culture, Throat swab and NPA culture	Did not report prior antibiotic usage	95 (2mths - 5 yrs)	15	5
8	India [17]	Hospital based prospective study	Jul'00–Jul'01	12	Meningitis	CSF culture	Reported prior antibiotic use	150 (<12 yrs.)	40	6
9	Bangladesh [18]	Population based prospective study	1999–2001	24	Pneumonia	Blood culture	Did not report prior antibiotic usage	18,983 (<5 years)	331(840)	7
10	Bangladesh [19]	Population based prospective study	2004–2006	24	Severe Pneumonia	Blood culture	Did not report prior antibiotic usage	6167 (<5 years)	315(5949)	34
11	India [20]	Hospital Based retrospective study	Jan'96–Dec'05	120	Meningitis	Records, CSF culture & LAT	Did not report prior antibiotic usage	51 (<12 years)	40	28
12	India [21]	Hospital based prospective study	Feb'03–Jan'07	48	Meningitis	CSF culture & LAT	Reported prior antibiotic use	535 (<5 years)	214	94
13	Bangladesh [22]	Population based prospective study	Jul'04–Jun'07	36	Pneumonia, Meningitis, Septicemia	Blood & CSF culture	Did not report prior antibiotic usage	6966 (<5 years)	93	26
14	Srilanka [23]	Hospital based prospective study	Jan'05–Mar'07	27	Pneumonia, Meningitis, Septicemia	Blood & CSF culture	Reported prior antibiotic use	3642 (<5 years)	585	37
15	Bangladesh [24]	Hospital based prospective study	May'04–Apr'07	36	Pneumonia	Blood culture	Reported prior antibiotic use	4155 (<5 years)	161	10
16	Nepal [25]	Hospital based prospective study	Apr'05–Dec'06	21	Pneumonia, Meningitis, Septicemia	Blood & CSF cultures	Reported prior antibiotic use	885 (<5 years)	47	17
17	Nepal [26]	Hospital based prospective study	Nov'04–Mar'07	29	Pneumonia, Meningitis, Septicemia	Blood & CSF cultures	Reported prior antibiotic use	2529 (<5 years)	276	51
18	India [27]	Hospital Based retrospective study	Jan'06–Dec'06	12	Pneumonia, Meningitis, Septicemia	Records	Did not report prior antibiotic usage	2219 (<5 years)	N.A.	61
19	Pakistan [28]	Hospital based prospective study	May'05–Apr'06	12	Meningitis	CSF culture	Reported prior antibiotic use	2690 (<5 years)	83	32
20	Pakistan [29]	Population based prospective study	2007–2008	15	Pneumonia	Blood cultures	Did not report prior antibiotic usage	5570 (<5 years)	36(1147)	1
21	Nepal [30]	Hospital based prospective study	Apr'05–Dec'06	21	Pneumonia, Meningitis, Septicemia	Blood and CSF culture	Reported prior antibiotic use	2039 (<12 years)	151	36
22	India [31]	Hospital based prospective study	Sep'91–Jul'92	12	Pneumonia	Blood culture, LAT	Reported prior antibiotic use	110 (<5 years)	62	32