Table 1.

Summary of randomised controlled trials for revascularisation versus medical therapy in the management of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (RAS)

Study	Population	Intervention	Findings	Reference
Scottish and Newcastle Renal Artery Stenosis Collaborative Group (1998)	135 participants, >40 years, hypertension, RAS >50 %	PTRAA and medical therapy vs medical therapy alone	Significant fall in BP after PTRAA in bilateral RAS only	[64]
Dutch Renal Artery Stenosis Intervention Study Group (2000)	106 participants, hypertension, RAS >50 %	PTRAA and medical therapy vs medical therapy alone	No difference in BP or renal function outcomes between groups	[65]
STAR (2009)	140 participants, CrCl <80 ml/min, RAS >50 %	PTRAA with stenting and medical therapy vs medical therapy alone	Stent placement had no impact on renal function. Significant complications with procedures	[66]
ASTRAL (2009)	806 participants, RAS >60 %, uncertainty as to benefit of revascularisation	PTRAA with or without stenting and medical therapy vs medical therapy alone	No difference in BP, renal function or mortality between groups	[3]
CORAL (2013)	947 participants, hypertension and CKD, RAS >80 % (or 60–80 % with pressure gradient)	PTRAA with stenting and medical therapy vs medical therapy alone	No difference in incidence of CV and renal events or all-cause mortality. 2-mmHg improvement in systolic BP in stent group	[2]

ASTRAL Angioplasty and Stenting for Renal Artery Lesions, BP blood pressure, CKD chronic kidney disease, CORAL Cardiovascular Outcomes in Renal Atherosclerotic Lesions, CrCl creatinine clearance, CV cardiovascular, PTRAA percutaneous transluminal renal artery angioplasty, STAR Stent Placement and Blood Pressure and Lipid-Lowering for the Prevention of Progression of Renal Dysfunction Caused by Atherosclerotic Ostial Stenosis of the Renal Artery