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. 2014 Apr 29;5:166. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00166

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Copyright © 2014 Ciska and Moreno Díaz de la Espina.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Presence of the lamina in Eukaryota and classification and phylogenetic relationships between the lamina proteins in the different groups. The lamina has been described in different Eukaryotic groups: Metazoan, Embryophyta, Dictyostelia, Trypanosomatidae, Alveolate and Tubulinea, although its constituent proteins differ in different groups. The main components of the metazoan lamina are lamins. Most invertebrates express a single lamin while vertebrates contain four genes encoding lamin B1, lamin B2, lamin A, and lamin LIII (lost in mammals; Peter and Stick, 2012). In Dictyostelia the lamina is made up of nuclear envelope 81 (NE81) protein, which is considered an ancestor of lamins (Batsios et al., 2012; Kruger et al., 2012). The lamina was also reported in the nucleus of various Alveolate species: Amphidinium carterae, Gregarina melanopli, Tokophrya infusionum, Tetrahymena thermophila, and in Amoeba proteus (Tubulinea) and Physarum polycephalum (Dictyostelia) that do not contain a gene encoding the NE81 protein. The composition of the lamina in these species is not known. In Trypanosomatidae it is made up of a single nuclear periphery 1 (NUP1) protein (Rout and Field, 2001; Dubois et al., 2012). In Embryophyta the lamina is made up of nuclear matrix constituent proteins (NMCPs; Masuda et al., 1997; Ciska et al., 2013). NMCPs are classified in flowering plants into NMCP1-type proteins and NMCP2. Monocots have one NMCP1 and one NMCP2 proteins while dicots contain one NMCP2 and two or three NMCP1-type proteins. The moss Physcomitrella patens contains two NMCP proteins (Ciska et al., 2013). Selected species for the representation of the NMCP protein family: Allium cepa (Ac), Arabidopsis thaliana (At), Daucus carota (Dc), Oryza sativa (Os), Physcomitrella patens (Ppa), and Zea mays (Zm); NE81 proteins: Dictyostelium discoideum (Dd), Dictyostelium fasciculatum (Df), Dictyostelium purpureum (Dp), and Polysphondylium pallidum (Pp); NUP1 proteins: Trypanosoma brucei (Tb), Trypanosoma gambiense (Tg), Trypanosoma cruzi (Tc), Trypanosoma vivax (Tv), and Leishmania major (Lm); and lamins: Hydra vulgaris (Hv), Ciona intestinalis (Ci), Branchiostoma lanceolatum (Bl), Danio rerio (Dr), Xenopus laevis (Xl), Mus musculus (Mm), and Homo sapiens (Hs). LECA, the last eukaryotic common ancestor; SAR, stramenopile, alveolate, Rhizaria; CCTH, cryptomonads, centrohelids, telonemids, haptophytes.