. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 May 6.

Published in final edited form as: Ann Surg Oncol. 2009 May 19;16(8):2270–2279. doi: 10.1245/s10434-009-0500-y

TABLE 1.

Tumor suppressor genes hypermethylated during breast cancer initiation/progression

	BRCA1	CDH1	CST6	DAPK1	ESR1	RARB	RASSF1A	SCGB3A1	SFN	TGM2	TWIST1	WIF1
Proliferative breast lesions							+		+
Atypia						+	+		+
DCIS			+			+	+	+	+	+
LCIS		+			+	+	+	+
Primary breast tumors	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Ductal carcinoma			+	−		+	+	+			+
Lobular carcinoma		+		+		+	+	+			−
Medullary carcinoma	+				+			−
References	^69,71–76	⁹⁹	⁹⁵	¹⁰⁰	^58,67–69	^64,93	^64,65,87,88	^64,79–81	^65,89,90	⁹⁷	⁶⁴	⁹⁶

DCIS ductal carcinoma in situ, LCIS lobular carcinoma in situ

+Methylated, −unmethylated