TABLE 2—
Risk Characteristics of African American Medicaid-Insured Pregnant Women (n = 828) Who Gave Birth in 2009 and 2010: Kent County, MI
| Characteristics | HS + MIHP, No. (%)a | MIHP, No HS No. (%)a |
| BMI, kg/m2 (before pregnant) | ||
| < 18.5 (underweight) | 5 (3.57) | 27 (4.57) |
| 18.5–24.9 (healthy) | 54 (38.57) | 240 (40.61) |
| 25.0–29.9 (overweight) | 29 (20.71) | 149 (25.21) |
| ≥ 30.0 (obese) | 52 (37.14) | 175 (29.61) |
| History of chronic diseaseb | 68 (43.31) | 292 (44.38) |
| Previous adverse pregnancy outcomes | 39 (38.61)c | 127 (28.29) |
| Smoking | ||
| Not smoking at conception and during pregnancy | 92 (58.60)c | 454 (68.89) |
| Quit when found out pregnant | 24 (15.29) | 77 (11.68) |
| Currently smoke during pregnancy | 41 (26.11) | 128 (19.42) |
| Alcohol use | ||
| Not using alcohol at conception and during pregnancy | 110 (70.06) | 486 (73.86) |
| Quit when found out pregnant | 42 (26.75) | 164 (24.92) |
| Currently drink alcohol during pregnancy | 5 (3.18) | 8 (1.22) |
| Someone in household uses drugs | 29 (18.47)c | 72 (10.94) |
| Drug use | 39 (25.16)c | 107 (16.29) |
| Wanted pregnancy | ||
| Want to be pregnant sooner/now | 24 (16.00) | 133 (20.59) |
| Want to be pregnant later | 91 (60.67) | 398 (61.61) |
| Never want to be pregnant | 35 (23.33) | 115 (17.80) |
| Perceived stress, PSS-4 score | ||
| 0–3 (low) | 39 (24.84) | 168 (25.49) |
| 4–6 (medium) | 41 (26.11) | 206 (31.26) |
| 7–16 (high) | 77 (49.04) | 285 (43.25) |
| Screened depressive symptoms, EPDS score | ||
| ≥ 13 (moderate–severe) | 41 (26.28)c | 139 (21.09) |
| 9–12 (mild) | 32 (20.51) | 99 (15.02) |
| < 9 (not depressed) | 83 (53.21) | 421 (63.88) |
| History of depression, bipolar disorder, or schizophrenia | 64 (40.76)c | 191 (29.12) |
| History of domestic violence | 40 (43.01)c | 124 (30.69) |
| Cut size of meals or skip meals because of lack of money for food | 40 (25.48) | 122 (18.54) |
| Moved ≥ 2 times in last 12 mo | 50 (32.05)c | 139 (21.19) |
Note. BMI = body mass index; EPDS = Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; HS = Healthy Start; MIHP = Maternal Infant Health Program; PSS-4 = Cohen Perceived Stress Scale-4. Table includes MIHP prenatal screening data.
a
Percentages were reported as the fraction of total valid answers for each question, not of the full sample.
b
History of chronic diseases include hypertension, anemia or sickle cell, diabetes, asthma, heart, lung, or kidney disease, and otherwise specified.
c
Identifies statistically significant differences (P < .05) between HS and MIHP, no HS.