TABLE 2—
Multivariable Regression of Individual-, Agency-, and Community-Level Factors With Referral to and Enrollment in Home Visiting: Ohio Department of Health, Hamilton, OH, 2007–2009
| Variable | RR of Referral (95% CI) | RR of Enrollment (95% CI) |
| No. of risk criteriaa | ||
| 1 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 2 | 1.87** (1.60, 2.18) | 1.05 (0.94, 1.17) |
| 3 | 2.43** (2.07, 2.85) | 1.13 (0.98, 1.30) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| White (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| African American | 1.42** (1.32, 1.53) | 1.02 (0.93, 1.11) |
| Native American/Alaska Native | 1.92* (1.21, 3.04) | 1.04 (0.55, 1.94) |
| Asian | 0.99 (0.71, 1.38) | 1.27 (0.97, 1.67) |
| Maternal education | ||
| No high school degree (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| High school degree | 0.80** (0.73, 0.88) | 1.10* (1.00, 1.21) |
| Any college | 0.55** (0.49, 0.61) | 1.17** (1.07, 1.28) |
| History of sexually transmitted infection | 1.05 (0.99, 1.11) | 1.03 (0.93, 1.14) |
| Smoker | 1.02 (0.94, 1.11) | 1.00 (0.92, 1.08) |
| Pregnancy complicationb | 0.89** (0.84, 0.94) | 1.14** (1.07, 1.22) |
| Prenatal referral | … | 1.61** (1.51, 1.71) |
| Home visiting agency catchment area | ||
| A (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| B | 0.88 (0.76, 1.01) | 0.71** (0.59, 0.85) |
| C | 0.82* (0.74, 0.91) | 0.87* (0.78, 0.97) |
| D | 0.82* (0.74, 0.92) | 0.92 (0.81, 1.04) |
| E | 0.97 (0.84, 1.11) | 1.19* (1.04, 1.36) |
| F | 0.98 (0.89, 1.08) | 0.99 (0.88, 1.10) |
| G | 0.89* (0.82, 0.98) | 0.90* (0.81, 1.00) |
| Residents in area receiving food stamps,c % | 1.00* (1.00, 1.01) | 1.01** (1.00, 1.02) |
| Majority of residential buildings in area have > 10 housing units | 1.04 (0.93, 1.17) | 1.27** (1.15, 1.39) |
| Townsend Index scored | ||
| < −3 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Between −3 and 0 | 1.21* (1.02, 1.43) | 1.02 (0.80, 1.30) |
| Between > 0 and 3 | 1.26* (1.05, 1.50) | 0.95 (0.75, 1.22) |
| Between > 3 and 5 | 1.39* (1.15, 1.68) | 0.85 (0.65, 1.12) |
| > 5 | 1.32* (1.05, 1.65) | 0.71* (0.52, 0.97) |
Note. CI = confidence interval; RR = relative risk. The multivariable model adjusts for cluster-correlated data at level of census tract. The first column represents the full sample of women eligible for home visiting (n = 8187); the second column represents subset of women who were referred to the program (n = 2734).
Risk criteria: single marital status, age < 18 years, low-income status based on Medicaid enrollment, or Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, Children enrollment.
Includes any diagnosis of premature rupture of membranes, chorioamnionitis, fetal distress, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, or unplanned maternal surgery as indicated on the vital statistics record.
Coefficients represent RR associated with a 5% increase in area-level usage of food stamps.
Calculated as a sum of the standardized scores for 4 census tract-level variables: (1) percentage unemployed; (2) percentage of households without access to a car; (3) percentage of all households renting; and 4) percentage of households with crowded housing. Higher Townsend Index scores reflect higher levels of deprivation and social disadvantage.
*P < .05; **P < .001.