TABLE 2—
Unadjusted Trends in Maternal Morbidities and Risk Behaviors Overall and by Race/Ethnicity: California; 1999, 2002, and 2005
| Variable | 1999 (n = 503 141), % | 2002 (n = 514 681), % | 2005 (n = 533 195), % | Alla (n = 1 551 017), % | % Changeb | Pc |
| Hypertensiond | ||||||
| All | 5.56 | 5.81 | 6.35 | 5.92 | 14.2 | ≤ .001 |
| Native American | 5.40 | 6.14 | 8.04 | 6.53 | 48.9 | < .001 |
| API | 4.16 | 4.26 | 4.64 | 4.36 | 11.5 | ≤ .001 |
| Hispanic | 5.18 | 5.35 | 5.81 | 5.46 | 12.2 | ≤ .001 |
| White, non-Hispanic | 5.94 | 6.33 | 6.96 | 6.40 | 17.2 | ≤ .001 |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 8.46 | 9.36 | 10.40 | 9.38 | 22.9 | ≤ .001 |
| Missing | 5.54 | 5.88 | 6.76 | 6.07 | 22.0 | |
| Chronic hypertension | ||||||
| All | 0.63 | 0.71 | 0.93 | 0.80 | 47.5 | ≤ .001 |
| Native American | 0.26 | 0.72 | 1.19 | 0.78 | 355.9 | < .001 |
| API | 0.56 | 0.75 | 0.94 | 0.79 | 69.5 | ≤ .001 |
| Hispanic | 0.44 | 0.48 | 0.68 | 0.57 | 54.5 | ≤ .001 |
| White, non-Hispanic | 0.70 | 0.84 | 1.05 | 0.92 | 50.0 | ≤ .001 |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 1.52 | 1.86 | 2.29 | 2.03 | 50.7 | ≤ .001 |
| Missing | 0.71 | 0.67 | 0.95 | 0.82 | 35.0 | |
| Pregnancy-related hypertension | ||||||
| All | 3.84 | 4.13 | 4.33 | 4.10 | 12.8 | ≤ .001 |
| Native American | 4.22 | 4.24 | 5.58 | 4.69 | 32.2 | .03 |
| API | 2.87 | 2.92 | 3.02 | 2.94 | 5.2 | .149 |
| Hispanic | 3.69 | 3.93 | 4.11 | 3.91 | 11.4 | ≤ .001 |
| White, non-Hispanic | 4.06 | 4.46 | 4.72 | 4.42 | 16.3 | ≤ .001 |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 5.31 | 6.06 | 6.25 | 5.88 | 17.7 | ≤ .001 |
| Missing | 3.74 | 4.07 | 4.48 | 4.10 | 19.8 | |
| Maternal diabetese | ||||||
| All | 4.56 | 5.77 | 6.50 | 5.63 | 42.5 | ≤ .001 |
| Native American | 5.05 | 6.55 | 7.43 | 6.34 | 47.1 | < .001 |
| API | 6.70 | 8.52 | 9.55 | 8.33 | 42.5 | ≤ .001 |
| Hispanic | 4.97 | 6.26 | 7.02 | 6.12 | 41.2 | ≤ .001 |
| White, non-Hispanic | 3.66 | 4.44 | 4.95 | 4.34 | 35.2 | ≤ .001 |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 3.84 | 5.01 | 5.25 | 4.67 | 36.7 | ≤ .001 |
| Missing | 4.19 | 5.32 | 6.44 | 5.33 | 53.7 | |
| Pregestational diabetes | ||||||
| All | 0.65 | 0.82 | 0.83 | 0.77 | 27.7 | ≤ .001 |
| Native American | 0.83 | 1.13 | 1.67 | 1.21 | 101.9 | .009 |
| API | 0.61 | 0.81 | 0.78 | 0.74 | 27.3 | .003 |
| Hispanic | 0.77 | 0.93 | 0.94 | 0.88 | 22.5 | ≤ .001 |
| White, non-Hispanic | 0.50 | 0.64 | 0.63 | 0.59 | 25.8 | ≤ .001 |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 0.82 | 1.04 | 1.17 | 1.00 | 42.9 | ≤ .001 |
| Missing | 0.54 | 0.69 | 0.67 | 0.64 | 23.9 | |
| Gestational diabetes mellitus | ||||||
| All | 3.96 | 5.01 | 5.71 | 4.91 | 44.2 | ≤ .001 |
| Native American | 4.40 | 5.51 | 5.89 | 5.26 | 33.9 | .024 |
| API | 6.15 | 7.84 | 8.84 | 7.68 | 43.7 | ≤ .001 |
| Hispanic | 4.27 | 5.38 | 6.11 | 5.29 | 43.1 | ≤ .001 |
| White, non-Hispanic | 3.18 | 3.84 | 4.34 | 3.78 | 36.5 | ≤ .001 |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 3.06 | 4.00 | 4.12 | 3.71 | 34.6 | ≤ .001 |
| Missing | 3.69 | 4.71 | 5.79 | 4.75 | 56.9 | |
| Asthma | ||||||
| All | 1.02 | 1.12 | 1.78 | 1.31 | 74.5 | ≤ .001 |
| Native American | 1.70 | 1.44 | 2.46 | 1.87 | 44.7 | .057 |
| API | 0.68 | 0.75 | 1.21 | 0.89 | 78.5 | ≤ .001 |
| Hispanic | 0.59 | 0.67 | 1.13 | 0.81 | 92.2 | ≤ .001 |
| White, non-Hispanic | 1.42 | 1.60 | 2.49 | 1.83 | 75.4 | ≤ .001 |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 2.43 | 2.72 | 4.46 | 3.18 | 83.5 | ≤ .001 |
| Missing | 0.96 | 1.06 | 1.72 | 1.26 | 78.6 | |
| Thyroid disorders | ||||||
| All | 0.81 | 1.02 | 1.31 | 1.05 | 61.7 | ≤ .001 |
| Native American | 1.04 | 1.22 | 1.93 | 1.40 | 85.6 | .011 |
| API | 0.87 | 1.19 | 1.60 | 1.24 | 83.3 | ≤ .001 |
| Hispanic | 0.44 | 0.57 | 0.80 | 0.61 | 80.2 | ≤ .001 |
| White, non-Hispanic | 1.31 | 1.62 | 2.03 | 1.65 | 55.0 | ≤ .001 |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 0.54 | 0.64 | 0.84 | 0.67 | 55.8 | ≤ .001 |
| Missing | 0.89 | 1.10 | 1.53 | 1.18 | 72.9 | |
| Obesity | ||||||
| All | 0.84 | 0.96 | 1.30 | 1.04 | 54.8 | ≤ .001 |
| Native American | 1.18 | 1.94 | 2.42 | 1.84 | 105.1 | .002 |
| API | 0.26 | 0.29 | 0.44 | 0.33 | 68.3 | ≤ .001 |
| Hispanic | 0.68 | 0.82 | 1.22 | 0.92 | 79.9 | ≤ .001 |
| White, non-Hispanic | 1.06 | 1.17 | 1.47 | 1.23 | 38.7 | ≤ .001 |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 1.73 | 2.14 | 2.90 | 2.24 | 67.6 | ≤ .001 |
| Missing | 0.76 | 0.80 | 1.00 | 0.85 | 31.7 | |
| Mental health conditions | ||||||
| All | 1.77 | 2.12 | 2.92 | 2.28 | 65.0 | ≤ .001 |
| Native American | 3.09 | 4.06 | 8.00 | 5.05 | 158.9 | ≤ .001 |
| API | 0.68 | 0.83 | 1.05 | 0.86 | 54.4 | ≤ .001 |
| Hispanic | 0.81 | 1.08 | 1.60 | 1.18 | 97.3 | ≤ .001 |
| White, non-Hispanic | 2.81 | 3.48 | 4.90 | 3.72 | 74.4 | ≤ .001 |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 4.51 | 4.85 | 6.49 | 5.25 | 43.9 | ≤ .001 |
| Missing | 1.71 | 2.04 | 2.67 | 2.15 | 56.1 | |
| Substance abuse | ||||||
| All | 1.10 | 1.04 | 1.31 | 1.15 | 19.1 | ≤ .001 |
| Native American | 2.79 | 2.48 | 3.78 | 3.02 | 35.5 | .05 |
| API | 0.29 | 0.25 | 0.30 | 0.28 | 1.0 | .862 |
| Hispanic | 0.62 | 0.64 | 0.86 | 0.71 | 37.8 | ≤ .001 |
| White, non-Hispanic | 1.37 | 1.39 | 1.89 | 1.55 | 38.0 | ≤ .001 |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 4.19 | 3.48 | 3.86 | 3.85 | −7.9 | .031 |
| Missing | 1.06 | 1.08 | 1.17 | 1.10 | 10.4 | |
| Tobacco use | ||||||
| All | 1.26 | 1.27 | 1.62 | 1.39 | 28.6 | ≤ .001 |
| Native American | 1.78 | 2.03 | 4.62 | 2.81 | 159.6 | ≤ .001 |
| API | 0.50 | 0.53 | 0.67 | 0.57 | 33.3 | < .001 |
| Hispanic | 0.39 | 0.41 | 0.58 | 0.47 | 51.4 | ≤ .001 |
| White, non-Hispanic | 2.41 | 2.53 | 3.22 | 2.71 | 33.6 | ≤ .001 |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 2.15 | 2.32 | 3.39 | 2.60 | 57.7 | ≤ .001 |
| Missing | 1.25 | 1.08 | 1.22 | 1.18 | −2.4 |
Note. API = Asian/Pacific Islander; ICD-9-CM = International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification.26 The race/ethnicity distribution of patients was as follows (n [%]): Native American, 6787 (0.44%); Asian/Pacific Islander, 152 099 (9.81%); White, non-Hispanic, 518 113 (33.40%); Black, non-Hispanic, 83 310 (5.51%); Hispanic, 718 003 (46.29%); missing, 70 505 (4.55%). The sample size was n = 1 551 017.
For all conditions, χ2 test P values using all years of data were < .001 for comparisons of race/ethnicity prevalence.
Percentage of change between 2005 and 1999.
Two-sided Cochran-Armitage linear trend test P values.
Chronic and pregnancy-related hypertension coding are not mutually exclusive; The ICD-9-CM code 642.9 was not assigned to a category because it is used for unspecified hypertension.
Chronic and gestational diabetes coding are not mutually exclusive; therefore, the total percentage in any given level can be lower than the sum of the chronic and gestational percentages.