Table 1.
Main Characteristics of Included Studies
| Author | County | Baseline study dates | Men | Women | Mean age (SD) or age range, years | Outcome | Mean duration, years | Current drinker (Men) | Current drinker (Women) | Number of outcome event (%, women) | Maximum adjustment available |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Klatsky et al., 199225 | United States (U.S.) | 1978–1985 | 56,926 | 72,008 | 40.6 | Mortality from all-cause | 8.0 | 88.6% | 81.7% | 1730 (40.0) | Age, race, BMI, education, marital status, smoking, coffee and tea consumption |
| Cullen et al ., 199320 | Western Australia | 1966 | 1,085 | 1,086 | ≥40 | Mortality from all-cause, CVD | 23.0 | 78.5% | 53.4% | 436 (42.7) | Age, sex, occupation, smoking, BP, probable or suspected CHD, forced expiratory volume, diabetes, cholesterol, uric acid, and treatment for hypertension. |
| Berberian et al., 199419 | Netherlands | 1975–1978 | 760 | 860 | >20 | Mortality from all-cause, CVD, cancer | 10.0 | 93.2% | 81.6% | 55 (44.7) | Age, BMI, serum cholesterol, SBP, DBP, pulse rate, cigarette smoking, and history of anti-hypertension drug use |
| Serdula et al., 199533 | U.S. | 1971–1975 | 3,573 | 4,614 | 59 | Mortality from all-cause, IHD, Non-IHD | 14.2 | 75.0% | 59.0% | 1059 (43.4) | Age, race, educations, smoking status, BMI, and physical activity at baseline |
| Simons et al., 199634 | Australia | 1988–1989 | 1,236 | 1,569 | >60 | Mortality from all-cause | 6.4 | 78.0% | 52.0% | 236 (43.6) | Age, marital status, smoking status, alcohol intake, BP, diabetes status, peak expiratory flow, prior CHD, atrial fibrillation, disability, and self-rated health |
| Deev et al., 19988 | U.S. and Russia | 1972–1976;1975–1977 | 3,808 | 4,356 | US: 40–69 Russia:40–59 |
Mortality from all-cause, CVD | 13.0 | 89.0%, 95.3 % | 79.0%, 82.0% | 686 (38.8) | Age, education, heart rate, total cholesterol, and BMI |
| Maskarinecet al., 199828 | U.S. | 1975–1980 | 13,870 | 13,808 | >30 | Mortality from all-cause, CHD | 20.0 | 37.0% | 13.0% | 2016 (40.2) | Age, ethnicity, years of school, BMI, and smoking status |
| Hoffmeister et al., 199923 | Germany | 1985, 1988, 1991 | 7,677 | 7,732 | 25–69 | Mortality from all-cause, CVD | 7.0 | 81.9% | 55.5% | 66 (41.5) | Age, smoking, and social status |
| Liao et al., 200026 | U.S. | 1988, 1990 | 17,821 | 25,874 | ≥40 | Mortality from all-cause,CHD | 6.0 | 69.0% | 57.5% | 2957 (53.4) | Age, race, smoking status, and history of hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease, marital status, number of years of education, and self-perceived health status |
| Trevisan et al., 200135 | Italy | 1978 | 8,980 | 6,669 | 30–59 | Mortality from all-cause, cancer | 7.0 | 88.9% | 66.3% | 165 (23.7) | Age and current smoking |
| Rehm et al., 200130 | U.S. | 1984 | 2,037 | 3,035 | ≥18 | Mortality from all-cause | 11.3 | 72.9% | 53.9% | 260 (48.9) | Age and ethnicity, income, marital status, smoking status |
| Diem et al., 200321 | Swiss | 1974–1977 | 162 | 125 | 46.2 | Mortality from all-cause, CHD | 12.6 | 66.7% | 20.8% | 24 (34.3) | Age, duration of diabetes, BMI, cholesterol, SBP, and nicotine consumption |
| Sempos et al., 200332 | U.S. | 1971–1975 | 768 | 1,286 | 25–75 | Mortality from all-cause | 19.0 | 72.4% | 60.0% | 437 (50.9) | Age, BMI, cigarette smoking, and physically very active |
| Wellmannet al., 200436 | Southern Germany | 1987–1988 | 1,345 | 1,365 | 38–67 | Mortality from all-cause | 10.0 | 84.0% | 56.0% | 84 (34.6) | Age, smoking, physical activity, partner status, education, BMI, total cholesterol, and hypertension |
| Makela et al., 200527 | Finland | 1969, 1976, 1984 | 3481 | 2,913 | 25–69 | Mortality from all-cause | 15.2 | 88.1% | 70.4% | 398 (34.8) | Age, period, marital status, education, and smoking status |
| Baglietto et al., 200618 | Australia | 1990–1994 | 14,557 | 22,427 | 40–69 | Mortality from all-cause | 10.5 | 83.0% | 59.0% | 654 (42.8) | Country of birth, smoking, fruit and vegetable intake, total energy intake, saturated fat, physical activity, education, and BMI |
| Paganini-Hill et al., 200729 | U.S. | 1981 | 4,980 | 8,644 | 74 | Mortality from all-cause | 23.0 | 78.0% | 72.0% | 6930 (60.9) | Age, smoking, exercise, BMI, caffeine consumption, and histories of hypertension, angina, heart attack, stroke, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer |
| Friesema et al., 200822 | Netherland | 1996 | 1,562 | 1,573 | 45–70 | Mortality from all-cause, CVD | 5.0 | NA | NA | 204 (38.2) | Age, region, smoking, BMI, fat intake, physical activity, education, income, and medical histories of CVD, hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia |
| Sun et al., 20099 | Hong Kong | 1998–2000 | 18,750 | 37,417 | >65 | Mortality from all-cause | 4.1 | 30.1% | 8.9% | 1988 (52.1) | Age, education, housing type, BMI, and smoking status. |
| Sadakane et al., 200931 | Japan | 1992–1995 | 3,444 | 5,490 | 56.4 | Mortality from all-cause | 12.0 | 76.1% | 24.1% | 240 (37.7) | Age, tobacco smoking, education level, marital status, BMI, and physical activity index |
| Inoue et al., 20127,* | Japan | 1988–1994 | 144,012 | 165,070 | 35–79 | Mortality from all-cause, cancer, heart disease,cerebrovascular disease | 12.4 | 77.0% | 27.0% | 13541 (37.8) | Age and area, smoking, BMI, history of hypertension, history of diabetes, and leisure-time sports or physical exercise |
| Kim et al., 201024 | Korea | 2000 | 919,199 | 422,194 | Male:49.0 Female:48.3 |
Mortality from all-cause, cancer | 5.0 | 69.6% | 20.3% | 3267 (16.9) | Age, residential, smoking status, regular exercise, BMI, SBP, DBP, and fasting blood sugar |
| CHEFS** (Unpublished data) | China | 1991 | 66,078 | 71,048 | >40 | Mortality from all-cause, cancer | 8.3 | 38.5% | 2.8% | 7678 (43.9) | Age, BMI, SBP, cigarette smoking, high school education, physical inactivity, urban or rural residence, northern or southern China, and diabetes. |
| China data from APCSC*** (Unpublished data) | China | NA | 177,788 | 69,902 | >18 | Mortality from all-cause, cancer | 7.5 | 32.6% | 4.2% | 2405 (27.2) | Age, smoking, SBP, education |
*
The pooled analyses included the JPHC-I, JPHC-II, JACC, MIYAGI, OHSAKI, and TAKAYAMA studies.
**
The design and rationale for the cohort of China National Hypertension Survey Epidemiology Follow-Up Study (CHEFS) referred to reference 17.
***
The design and rationale for the cohort of mainland China from the Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration (APCSC) referred to reference 16.
APCSC, Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CHD, coronary heart disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; IHD, ischemic heart disease; NA, not applicable; SBP, systolic blood pressure; JPHC-I, Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study, Cohort I; JPHC-II, Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study, Cohort II; JACC, Japan Collaborative Cohort Study; MIYAGI, Miyagi Cohort Study; OHSAKI, Ohsaki National Health Insurance Cohort Study; TAKAYAMA, Takayama Study.