TABLE 1.
The Size, Organ/Tissue Enhancement, Biomarker Recognition, Relaxivity, and Dosages of Typical MRI Contrast Agents
| Targeting or Not | Contrast Agents | Size | Organ/Tissue Enhancement | Biomarker Recognition | Per Gd3+, r1, mM–1 s–1 | Field Strength, T | Temperature, °C | Dosage, μmol Gd/kg | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nontargeted contrast agents | Gd-DTPA | 547 Da | Whole body, brain, CNS, kidney | None | 3.5 | 1.5 | 20 | 100–200 | 71 |
| MS-325 | Blood vessel | None | 42 | 0.47 | 37 | 30 | 44, 72 | ||
| Gadomer-17 | 35 kDa | Blood vessel | None | 17.3 | 0.47 | 40 | 25–100 | 73 | |
| PAMAM-G4 | 59 kDa | Liver, kidney, blood vessel | None | 29 | 1.5 | 20 | 30 | 15, 45 | |
| NanoglobularMRI CAs (G3) | 3.2 nm | Blood vessel, tumor, vasculature | None | 10 | 3 | RT | 10–30 | 74 | |
| 27 kDa | |||||||||
| Gold nanoparticles | 1.9 nm | Kidney, bladder | None | 4.1 | 7 | RT | [Gd3+] 5 mM, 300 μl | 75 | |
| ProCA | ProCA1, ProCA1.affi, ProCA1.GRP | 12 kDa | Kidney, liver, and tumor biomarkers | Nontarget, HER-2, GRPR | 117 | 1.4 | RT | 2.4 | 64 |
| 2–3 nm | |||||||||
| Targeted contrast agents | EP-3533 | Collagen-rich scar, collagen-rich liver | Collagen | 18.7 | 0.47 | 37 | 25 μmol particle/kg, 20 μmol particle /kg | 76, 77 | |
| EP-3600 | Myocardium | Collagen | 21.3 | 1.4 | 37 | 12.3 μmol particle/kg | 78 | ||
| Gd-DOTA-R832 | Inflammation lesions in liver | VCAM-1 | 8.5 | 0.47 | 37 | 100 | 79 | ||
| Peptoid-(Gd)8-dendron | ~8.6 kDa | Tumor | VEFGR2 | 13.8 | 0.54 | 37 | 8 μmol particle /kg, 32 μmol Gd/kg | 80 | |
| αvβ3-Integrin-targeted nanoparticles | 270 nm | Tumor | αvβ3-integrin | 20 (1,800,000) | 0.47 | 40 | 81 | ||
| 167 and 236 nm | Tumor | αvβ3-integrin | 2 mL/kg, 0.2 nM | 82 | |||||
| 273 nm | Tumor | integrin | 19.1 | 0.47 | 37 | 3 | 83 | ||
| 0.47 T | |||||||||
| 273 nm | Angiogenesis in atherosclerosis | αvβ3-integrin | 17.7 | 1.5 | 0.5 mL/kg | 84 | |||
| bG4D-Gd-SA | 4182 Da | Her-2 positive tumor | HER2 by multiple step | 145 | 70 | ||||
| Gd-perfluorocarbon nanoparticles | <250 nm | Vulnerable plaques | Fibrin | 18 | 0.25–0.5 mL/kg | 24 | |||
| Dendrimer nanoclusters | 75–150 nm | Subcutaneous tumor xenografts | Folate receptor | 12.3 | 1.4 | 40 | 300 | 22 | |
| P947 | Atherosclerotic plaques | MMPs, ACE, and APN | 85 |
CNS, central nervous system; MRI CA, magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents; GRP, gastrin-releasing peptide; GRPR, gastrin-releasing peptide receptor; MMP, matrix metalloproteinases; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; APN, aminopeptidases N