Table 1.
—Characteristics of Patients With and Without OSA Included in the Study
| Characteristic | Overall | No Sleep Apnea | Sleep Apnea | P Value |
| Total | 250,907 (100) | 235,338 (93.8) | 15,569 (6.2) | … |
| Age, median (Q1-Q3), ya | 71 (57-82) | 72 (58-82) | 63 (53-73) | < .001 |
| Female | 133,724 (53.3) | 126,441 (53.7) | 7,283 (46.8) | |
| Race/ethnicity | < .001 | |||
| White | 170,585 (68.0) | 159,690 (67.9) | 10,895 (70.0) | |
| Black | 29,289 (11.7) | 27,202 (11.6) | 2,087 (13.4) | |
| Hispanic | 12,246 (4.9) | 11,587 (4.9) | 659 (4.2) | |
| Other | 38,787 (15.5) | 36,859 (15.7) | 1,928 (12.4) | |
| Marital status | < .001 | |||
| Married | 95,676 (38.1) | 88,577 (37.6) | 7,099 (45.6) | |
| Single | 127,972 (51.0) | 120,734 (51.3) | 7,238 (46.5) | |
| Other/missing | 27,259 (10.9) | 26,027 (11.1) | 1,232 (7.9) | |
| Insurance payor | < .001 | |||
| Medicare | 169,483 (67.6) | 159,934 (68.0) | 9,549 (61.3) | |
| Medicaid | 20,612 (8.2) | 18,995 (8.1) | 1,617 (10.4) | |
| Managed care | 34,864 (13.9) | 32,060 (13.6) | 2,804 (18.0) | |
| Commercial-indemnity | 9,492 (3.8) | 8,755 (3.7) | 737 (4.7) | |
| Other | 16,456 (6.6) | 15,594 (6.6) | 862 (5.5) | |
| Admitting physician specialty | < .001 | |||
| Critical care medicine or pulmonary diseases | 16,131 (6.4) | 14,586 (6.2) | 1,545 (9.9) | |
| Family practice | 40,506 (16.1) | 38,350 (16.3) | 2,156 (13.8) | |
| Internal and geriatric medicine | 117,201 (46.7) | 7,062 (45.4) | 110,139 (46.8) | |
| Hospital medicine | 43,887 (17.5) | 40,730 (17.3) | 3,157 (20.3) | |
| Other specialty | 33,182 (13.2) | 31,533 (13.4) | 1,649 (10.6) | |
| Type of pneumonia | .38 | |||
| HCAP | 85,097 (33.9) | 79,867 (33.9) | 5,230 (33.6) | |
| CAP | 165,810 (66.1) | 155,471 (66.1) | 10,339 (66.4) | |
| Comorbiditiesb | ||||
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 121,890 (48.6) | 111,355 (47.3) | 10,535 (67.7) | < .001 |
| Hypertension | 116,574 (46.5) | 108,430 (46.1) | 8,144 (52.3) | < .001 |
| Diabetes | 59,709 (23.8) | 53,451 (22.7) | 6,258 (40.2) | < .001 |
| Deficiency anemias | 55,744 (22.2) | 52,638 (22.4) | 3,106 (19.9) | < .001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 49,479 (19.7) | 45,081 (19.2) | 4,398 (28.2) | < .001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 45,651 (18.2) | 42,524 (18.1) | 3,127 (20.1) | < .001 |
| Renal failure | 32,075 (12.8) | 29,571 (12.6) | 2,504 (16.1) | < .001 |
| Hypothyroidism | 28,851 (11.5) | 26,939 (11.4) | 1,912 (12.3) | .002 |
| Depression | 26,244 (10.5) | 24,123 (10.3) | 2,121 (13.6) | < .001 |
| Other neurologic disorders | 25,650 (10.2) | 24,457 (10.4) | 1,193 (7.7) | < .001 |
| Obesity | 20,364 (8.1) | 14,475 (6.2) | 5,889 (37.8) | < .001 |
| Weight loss | 15,877 (6.3) | 15,337 (6.5) | 540 (3.5) | < .001 |
| Valvular disease | 15,789 (6.3) | 14,829 (6.3) | 960 (6.2) | .5 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 14,170 (5.7) | 13,292 (5.6) | 878 (5.6) | 1.0 |
| Pulmonary circulation disease | 12,328 (4.9) | 10,465 (4.4) | 1,863 (12.0) | < .001 |
| Initial receipt of noninvasive ventilationc | 20,573 (8.2) | 16,084 (6.8) | 4,489 (28.8) | < .001 |
| Initial receipt of invasive ventilationc | 24,786 (9.9) | 21,974 (9.3) | 2,812 (18.1) | < .001 |
| Initial treatment with vasopressorsc | 21,177 (8.4) | 19,774 (8.4) | 1,403 (9.0) | .01 |
| Principal diagnosis | < .001 | |||
| Pneumonia/influenza | 178,293 (71.1) | 168,411 (71.6) | 9,882 (63.5) | |
| Sepsis | 50,898 (20.3) | 48,258 (20.5) | 2,640 (17.0) | |
| Respiratory failure/arrest | 21,716 (8.7) | 18,669 (7.9) | 3,047 (19.6) | |
| Hospital characteristics | ||||
| Bed size | < .001 | |||
| ≤ 200 beds | 49,929 (19.9) | 47,248 (20.1) | 2,681 (17.2) | |
| 201-400 beds | 97,818 (39.0) | 91,993 (39.1) | 5,825 (37.4) | |
| > 400 beds | 103,160 (41.1) | 96,097 (40.8) | 7,063 (45.4) | |
| Rural/urban status | < .001 | |||
| Rural | 33,480 (13.3) | 31,858 (13.5) | 1,622 (10.4) | |
| Urban | 217,427 (86.7) | 203,480 (86.5) | 13,947 (89.6) | |
| Teaching status | < .001 | |||
| Teaching | 86,919 (34.6) | 81,124 (34.5) | 5,795 (37.2) | |
| Nonteaching | 163,988 (65.4) | 154,214 (65.5) | 9,774 (62.8) | |
| Region | < .001 | |||
| Northeast | 41,037 (16.4) | 38,927 (16.5) | 2,110 (13.5) | |
| Midwest | 55,301 (22.0) | 51,506 (21.9) | 3,795 (24.4) | |
| West | 42,719 (17.0) | 40,217 (17.1) | 2,502 (16.1) | |
| South | 111,850 (44.6) | 104,688 (44.5) | 7,162 (46.0) | |
| Outcomes | ||||
| Inpatient mortality | 18,072 (7.2) | 17,263 (7.3) | 809 (5.2) | < .001 |
| Late transfer to ICUd | 7,410 (3.6) | 6,783 (3.5) | 627 (5.6) | < .001 |
| Late initiation of invasive ventilationd | 8,949 (4.0) | 8,118 (3.8) | 831 (6.5) | < .001 |
| LOS, median (Q1-Q3),a y | 5 (3-8) | 5 (3-8) | 6 (4-9) | < .001 |
| LOS, median (Q1-Q3),a y among survivors | 5 (3-8) | 5 (3-8) | 6 (4-9) | < .001 |
| Costs, median (Q1-Q3),a $ | 7,751 (4,854-13,915) | 7,637 (4,799-13,648) | 9,827 (5,886-18,145) | < .001 |
| Costs, median (Q1-Q3),a $ among survivors | 7,424 (4,728-12,904) | 7,310 (4,675-12,645) | 9,425 (5,750-16,960) | < .001 |
Data are presented as No. (%) unless otherwise noted. CAP = community-acquired pneumonia; HCAP = health-care-associated pneumonia; LOS = length of stay; Q = quartile. P based on χ2 tests.
a
P based on Kruskal-Wallis tests.
b
Comorbidities < 5%: psychoses, rheumatoid arthritis/collagen vascular disease, solid tumor without metastasis, metastatic cancer, paralysis, alcohol abuse, liver disease, drug abuse, lymphoma, chronic blood loss anemia.
c
Days 1 or 2.
d
Day 3 or later.