Table 3.
Validity of the Pressure Ulcer Scales
| Measure | Abruzzese | Braden | Gosnell | Norton | SCIPUS | SCIPUS-A | Waterlow |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sensitivity | 21.8% | 74.7% | 18.4% | 5.8% | 36.8% | 88.5% | |
| Specificity | 84.6% | 56.6% | 90.4% | 95.6% | 84.2% | 59.0% | |
| Cut-off | N.D | ≤10 | N.D | N.D. | ND | ≥18 | -- |
| Accuracy (15)a | 62.2% | 62.3% | 62.2% | 60.8% | 65.9% | 71.0% | |
| Sensitivity | -- | -- | -- | -- | 75.6% | -- | -- |
| Specificity | 74.4% | ||||||
| Cut-off | ≥6 | ||||||
| + predictive | 92.4% | ||||||
| − predictive (14)b | 42.7% | ||||||
| AUC (31)c | -- | 81% (74–88, 95% CI) | -- | 72 (64–81, 95% CI) | -- | 78 (70–85, 95% CI) | 76% (68–84, 95% CI) |
| Concurrent (32)d | -- | 0.48 (Norton) | -- | −0.56 (Waterlow) | -- | -- | −0.56 (Norton) |
| −0.06 (Waterlow) | −0.49 (Braden) | −0.06 (Braden) | |||||
| Construct (r) | |||||||
| stage of 1st ulcera | 0.241 | −0.353 | 0.254 | −0.192 | 0.343 | 0.488 | |
| stage of 1st ulcerd | 0.03 | −0.28 | 0.38 | ||||
| # of ulcersa | 0.212 | −0.431 | 0.297 | −0.197 | 0.339 | 0.519 | |
N.D. = Not described/reported
a
For individuals with SCI during initial hospitalization
b
For individuals with SCI during rehabilitation
c
For individuals with SCI in a UK spinal cord injuries unit
d
For a stratified sample of individuals with SCI with a pressure ulcer