Table 4. Neonicotinoid toxicity in the pea aphid on first-instar larvae for 24 h and 48 h of insecticide exposure using an artificial diet system.

	24 h		48 h
	LC 50 (μg/ml)	CI 95%	LC 50 (μg/ml)	CI 95%	n
Imidacloprid	0.913 a	0.266 – 3.133	0.038 d	0.023 – 0.064	2381
Thiamethoxam	0.259 b	0.039 – 1.718	0.034 d	0.012 – 0.101	2613
Clothianidin	3.458 c	0.834 – 14.34	0.118 e	0.009 – 1.62	3016

n  =  number of insects tested; CI  =  confidence interval; LC₅₀  =  Lethal concentration leading to 50% mortality. Results were corrected using Henderson-Tilton's formula. Values followed by different letters are significantly different (P<0.05; t-test with Welch's correction). Toxicity curves were determined with 8 concentrations and 6 to 8 replicates were made for each concentration.