Table S2.
explanation of measures and results*
| First author | Setting, n patients | Measures
|
Psychcat|| | Results¶
|
Direction of association (regarding adherence)** | N domains bias free†† | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adherence†, follow-up period‡ | Psychosocial predictors§ | Univariate | Multivariate | |||||
| Asthma (inhaled corticosteroids) | ||||||||
| Ponieman1 | USA; patients from general internal medicine clinic, n=261 | Adherence by self-report (MARS), 3 months | (Items derived from BMQ and Self-Regulation Theory): concerns beliefs: worried about side effects of ICS? Concerns beliefs: worried about getting addicted to ICS? |
AI | OR =0.3 (0.2, 0.7), P<0.05 | OR =0.52 (0.36, 0.74), P<0.001 | U: − M: − |
0 of 6 |
| Concerns beliefs: if I use ICS all the time they will stop working | AI | OR =0.4 (0.2, 0.8), P<0.05 | NS‡‡ | U: − M: 0 |
||||
| Necessity beliefs: important to use ICS when symptomatic? | AI | OR =0.4 (0.2, 0.9), P<0.05 | NS‡‡ | U: − M: 0 |
||||
| Necessity beliefs: important to use ICS when asymptomatic? | AI | NS | NS‡‡ | U: 0 M: 0 |
||||
| Self-efficacy: confident in ability to use ICS as prescribed | AI | OR =5.8 (2.3, 14.6), P<0.05 | OR =4.15 (2.54, 6.77), P<0.001 | U: + M: + |
||||
| Self-efficacy: confident in ability to control asthma | AIII | OR =3.5 (1.6, 7.6), P<0.05 | OR =2.23 (1.42, 3.52), P<0.001 | U: + M: + |
||||
| Self-efficacy: confident in controlling future health | AIII | NS | NS‡‡ | U: 0 M: 0 |
||||
| AIII | NS | NS‡‡ | U: 0 M: 0 |
|||||
| Diabetes (oral and/or parenteral anti-diabetics) | ||||||||
| Venturini2,§§ | USA; patients from HMO-providing health services, n=786 | Adherence by record review (continuous measure corrected for self-reported baseline adherence), last time point flexible, but within 24 months | Perception of mental health (mood state, SF-36) | EI | NR | NS | U: NR M: 0 |
2 of 6 |
| Heart disease and hypertension (cardiovascular medication) | ||||||||
| Gazmararian3,|| || | USA; community-dwelling patients, n=1,549 | Non-adherence by record review, 12 months | Social support (instrument NR) | CIII | NS | NT | U: 0 M: NT |
3 of 6 |
| Nabi4 | Finland: local government employees, n=1,021 | Non-adherence by record review (ordinal measure), 12 months | Anxiety (ATS) | EI | NS | NT | U: 0 M: NT |
1 of 6 |
| Hostility (FTSSH) | D | NS | NT | U: 0 M: NT |
||||
| Optimism (LOT-R) | D | NS | NT | U: 0 M: NT |
||||
| Pessimism (LOT-R) | D | NS | NT | U: 0 M: NT |
||||
| Psychological distress (GHQ) | EI | NS | NT | U: 0 M: NT |
||||
| Sense of coherence (SOC) | D | OR =0.62 (0.36, 1.05), P<0.10 | OR =0.55 (0.31, 0.96), P<0.05 | U: 0 M: + |
||||
| Grégoire5 | Canada: hypertensive adults with prescription from network of pharmacies, n=692 | Non-adherence by self-report (Morisky Scale), 3 months | (Interview, self-developed items): beliefs concerning efficacy of antihypertensive medication | AI | NS | NS | U: 0 M: 0 |
0 of 6 |
| Beliefs concerning hypertension as risk factor for other diseases | AII | “No effect” versus “a lot of effect” (ref cat): OR =1.74 (1.08, 2.81), P=0.02 | “No effect” versus “a lot of effect”: OR =2.00 (1.21, 3.33), P≤0.05 | U: − M: − |
||||
| How much are you at risk of a heart attack because of your hypertension if you follow your doctor’s advice? | AII | NS | NS | U: 0 M: 0 |
||||
| How much are you at risk of a stroke because of your hypertension if you follow your doctor’s advice? | AII | NS | NS | U: 0 M: 0 |
||||
| How much are you at risk of heart attack because of your hypertension if you do not do anything about it? | AII | “Do not know” versus “no to moderate risk” (ref cat): OR =0.46 (0.19, 1.12), P=0.09 | NS | U: 0 M: 0 |
||||
| How much are you at risk of stroke because of your hypertension if you do not do anything about it? | AII | “Do not know” versus “no to moderate risk” (ref cat): OR =0.44 (0.17, 1.16), P=0.10 | “Do not know” versus “no to moderate risk”: OR =0.40 (0.15, 1.09), P=0.07 | U: 0 M: 0 |
||||
| Social support (Pearlin et al31) | CIII | NS | NS | U: 0 M: 0 |
||||
| Miller6,§§§ | Site not reported: patients from institutions providing cardiac rehabilitation programs, n=141 | Adherence by self-report (continuous measure, HBS), 6–9 months | Attitude towards medication taking (MAS) | AI | NR | NS | U: NR M: 0 |
0 of 6 |
| Beliefs about which steps of the medical regimen people most important to them think they should perform (HIS) | CII | NS | U: NR M: 0 |
|||||
| Molloy7,§§§ | UK; patients admitted to one of four London hospitals with Acute Coronary Syndrome, n=295 | Adherence by self-report, 12 months | Emotional support (derived from Berkman et al32 and Seeman et al33) | CIII | NS | NS | U: 0 M: 0 |
1 of 6 |
| Practical support | CIII | Number of patients providing practical support: 0: 39.7% adherent. 1: 40.5% adherent. Two or more: 59.2% adherent, P=0.004 | OR =2.12 (1.06, 4.26), P=0.03 | U: + M: + |
||||
| HIV (antiretroviral medication) | ||||||||
| Deschamps8 | Belgium; outpatients of university hospital, n=60 | Non-adherence by MEMS, 5–6 months after measuring psychosocial constructs | Anxiety (AMHI) | EI | NS | NR | U: 0 M: NR |
1 of 6 |
| Coping style: confrontational (AWC) | BI | NS | U: 0 M: NR |
|||||
| Coping style: distancing | BII | NS | U: 0 M: NR |
|||||
| Coping style: self-controlling | BII | NS | U: 0 M: NR |
|||||
| Coping style: seek social support | CIII | NS | U: 0 M: NR |
|||||
| Coping style: accept responsibility | BII | NS | U: 0 M: NR |
|||||
| Coping style: escape-avoidance (higher score = more escape-avoidance) | BII | Adherent patients 7.2, (2.2) versus non-adherent patients 10.1 (2.8), P=0.003 | U: − M: NR |
|||||
| Coping style: planful problem solving (higher score = more planful problem solving)|| || || | BI | Adherent patients 7.5 (median), 3 (IQR) versus non-adherent patients 9 (median), 2 (IQR), P=0.049 | U: − M: NR |
|||||
| Coping style: positive reappraisal | BI | NS | U: 0 M: NR |
|||||
| Depression (AMHI) | EI | NS | U: 0 M: NR |
|||||
| Perceived benefits of treatment (APIAQ) | AI | Adherent patients 21 (3.5) versus non-adherent patients 18.7 (3.9), P=0.07 | U: 0 M: NR |
|||||
| Perceived severity of seriousness of implications when not taking medications adequately | AI | NS | U: 0 M: NR |
|||||
| Perceived susceptibility of developing AIDS when not taking medications as prescribed | AI | NS | U: 0 M: NR |
|||||
| Positive affect (eg, happiness person) | D | NS | U: 0 M: NR |
|||||
| Received social support (AGSRP) | CIII | NS | U: 0 M: NR |
|||||
| Self-efficacy in taking HAART medication (ALTMBSES) | AIII | NS | U: 0 M: NR |
|||||
| Holmes9 | USA; HIV-clinic patients, n=116 | Adherence by MEMS, 12 months (or when viral load of ≥1,000 copies/mL was reached) | Depressive symptoms (CES-D) | EI | High adherence 12.6 (11.3), low adherence 16.5 (11.7), P=0.06 |
NS | U: 0 M: 0 |
2 of 6 |
| HIV-disclosure worries (HAT-QOL) | AII | NS | NT | U: 0 M: NT |
||||
| Health worries (higher score = fewer worries) | AII | High adherence 79.2 (23.9), low adherence 70.4 (28.9), P=0.06 |
NS | U: 0 M: 0 |
||||
| Medication worries (higher score = fewer worries) | AI | High adherence 86.1 (20.4), low adherence 83.3 (18.3), P=0.06 |
NS | U: 0 M: 0 |
||||
| Provider trust | CI | NS | NT | U: 0 M: NT |
||||
| Social support (ISEL) | CIII | NS | NT | U: 0 M: NT |
||||
| Stress (PSS) | EII | High adherence 12.4 (7.8), low adherence 15.3 (8.2), P=0.07 |
NS | U: 0 M: 0 |
||||
| Delgado10 | Canada; patients enrolled in community drug treatment program, n=316 | Adherence by record review, 12 months | Depressive symptoms (CES-D) | EI | Not reporting depression: 79.8% adherent, reporting depression: 68.1% adherent, P=0.02 | NS | U: − M: 0 |
1 of 6 |
| Singh11 | USA; new veteran patients seen at medical center, n=52 | Non-adherence by record review, 6 months | Confusion and bewilderment (POMS) | BII | NS | NT | U: 0 M: NT |
1 of 6 |
| Depression and dejection | EI | Adherent 14.2 (SEM 1.9), non-adherent 22.1 (SEM 3.4), P=0.04 | NS | U: − M: 0 |
||||
| Mood disturbance | EI | 39% in adherent patients, 76% in non-adherent patients, P=0.03 | OR =1.4 (1.1, 1.8), P=0.01 | U: − M: − |
||||
| Religious support (instrument NR) | CIII | NS | NT | U: 0 M: NT |
||||
| Social support (instrument NR) | CIII | NS | NT | U: 0 M: NT |
||||
| Symptoms of depression (BDI) | EI | NS | NT | U: 0 M: NT |
||||
| Tension and anxiety (POMS) | EI | NS | NT | U: 0 M: NT |
||||
| Singh12 | Site not reported: patients in HIV-medical centers, n=138 | Non-adherence by record review, 6 months | Coping style: active-behavioral focused (higher score = greater applicability of coping style to patient, BMICIS) | BI | (Mean score, SEM): non-adherent 5.2 (0.5) versus adherent 6.6 (0.2), P=0.01 | NR | U: + M: NR |
1 of 6 |
| Coping style: active-cognitive focused | BI | NS | U: 0 M: NR |
|||||
| Coping style: avoidant coping | BII | Non-adherent 3.3 (0.3) versus adherent 2.6 (0.2), P=0.02 | U: − M: NR |
|||||
| Coping style: emotion-focused | BII | NS | U: 0 M: NR |
|||||
| Coping style: problem-focused | BI | Non-adherent 6.0 (0.5) versus adherent 7.1 (0.2), P=0.02 | U: + M: NR |
|||||
| Hopelessness: future expectations | BII | NS | U: 0 M: NR |
|||||
| Hopelessness: loss of motivation (higher score = more hopelessness, BHS) | BII | Non-adherent 1.75 (0.5), adherent 0.6 (0.1), P=0.006 | U: − M: NR |
|||||
| Hopelessness: negative feelings about future | BII | NS | U: 0 M: NR |
|||||
| Hopelessness: total score | BII | NS | U: 0 M: NR |
|||||
| Quality of life: psychological functioning (MOS SF-36) | EI | NS | U: 0 M: NR |
|||||
| Satisfaction with social support: emotional (SSQ) | CIII | NS | U: 0 M: NR |
|||||
| Satisfaction with social support: informational (higher scores = less satisfaction) | CIII | Non-adherent 7.9 (1.1), adherent 6.1 (0.3), P=0.04 | U: + M: NR |
|||||
| Satisfaction with social support: tangible | CIII | Non-adherent 7.7 (1.1), adherent 5.5 (0.3), P=0.07 | U: 0 M: NR |
|||||
| Satisfaction with social support: total score | CIII | Non-adherent 22.9 (3.3), adherent 16.8 (0.75), P=0.03 | U: + M: NR |
|||||
| Bottonari13 | USA; patients treated in immunodeficiency clinic, n=78 | Adherence by self-report (straightforward), 6–9 months | Depressive symptoms (IDD) | EI | NS | NR | U: 0 M: NR |
0 of 6 |
| Experience of general (stressful) life events (LES) | EII | NS | U: 0 M: NR |
|||||
| HIV-specific (stressful) life events (BHLES) | EII | NS | U: 0 M: NR |
|||||
| Neuroticism: personality style indicative of affective instability (NSEPQSS) | D | NS | U: 0 M: NR |
|||||
| Perceived stress (PSS) | EII | OR =0.88 (0.77, 0.98), P=0.04 | U: − M: NR |
|||||
| Self-esteem (RSEQR) | D | NS | U: 0 M: NR |
|||||
| Godin14 | Canada; patients from medical HIV-clinics, n=400 | Adherence over time by self-report (straightforward), 12 months | Change in predictors related to adherence over time: attitude towards medication-taking (more positive attitude = greater adherence, self-developed scale) | AI | NR | OR =1.56 (1.18, 2.06), P≤0.05 | U: NR M: + |
1 of 6 |
| Optimism (DOS) | D | NS | U: NR M: 0 |
|||||
| Outcome expectations (eg, believe that specific course of action will lead to desired outcome, self-developed scale) | AIII | NS | U: NR M: 0 |
|||||
| Patient-doctor satisfaction (Pat SS) | CI | NS | U: NR M: 0 |
|||||
| Self-efficacy regarding medication taking (self-developed scale) | AIII | OR =1.68 (1.27, 2.22), P≤0.05 | U: NR M: + |
|||||
| Social support (SPS) | CIII | NS | U: NR M: 0 |
|||||
| Kacanek15 | USA; patients recruited by media and physician networks, n=225 | Suboptimal adherence by self-report (straightforward): max 30 months | Development of depressive symptoms (BST) | EI | Suboptimal adherence in those who developed depressive symptoms =45.1% versus 25.9% in those with no depressive symptoms, P=0.01 | NT | U: − M: NT |
2 of 6 |
| Martini16,§§§ | Italy; outpatients using combination therapy, n=214 | Adherence by self-report (ordinal measure, straightforward questionnaire), 12 months | (Interview, instrument NR): perception of therapy: reliable? | AI | In “high adherence” category, therapy perceived as “reliable” by 15.6%, and “not reliable” by 84.4%. In “variable adherence” cat 4.8% versus 95.2%. In “low adherence” cat 0% versus 100%, P=0.02 | NR | U: + M: NR |
0 of 6 |
| Perception of therapy: enslaving? | AI | NS | U: 0 M: NR |
|||||
| Satisfied about doctor/patient discussion regarding clinical and therapeutic aspects of treatment? | CI | In “high adherence” category: “sufficient/highly satisfied” = 73.9%, “little/not satisfied” =26.1%. In “variable adherence” cat 80% versus 20%. in “low adherence” cat 50% versus 50%, P=0.05 | U: ? M: NR |
|||||
| Mellins17 | USA; HIV-infected mothers recruited in waiting room of adult clinic, n=128 | Non-adherence by self-report (AACTG, straightforward), T1 after 4–5 months, T2 8–18 months after T1 | Negative stressful events (PEI) | EII | OR =1.27 (1.09, 1.49), P<0.01 at T1, OR =1.28 (1.05, 1.57), P=0.02 at T2 | NR | U: − M: NR |
0 of 6 |
| Parenting stress (low scores = more stress, PPCS) | EII | OR =0.86 (0.76, 0.98), P=0.02 at T2 | U: − M: NR |
|||||
| Psychological distress (aggregated demoralization score, DSPERI) | EI | NS | U: 0 M: NR |
|||||
| Self-efficacy in carrying out health-related behaviors (Chesney et al34) | AIII | NS | U: 0 M: NR |
|||||
| Nilsson Schönnesson18 | Sweden; patients recruited by clinic nurses, n=203 | Adherence by self-report (straightforward), 24 months | Anxiety symptoms (ASBSI) | EI | NR | NS | U: NR M: 0 |
1 of 6 |
| Belief in adherence necessity (one item) | AI | NS | U: NR M: 0 |
|||||
| Belief that ART prolongs one’s life (one item) | AI | NS | U: NR M: 0 |
|||||
| Belief in future HIV-related health problems (self-developed scale) | AII | NS | U: NR M: 0 |
|||||
| Belief in influencing HIV disease (MAH) | AII | NS | U: NR M: 0 |
|||||
| Beliefs in ART health concerns (eg, believe that medication makes sicker, one item) | AI | NS | U: NR M: 0 |
|||||
| Coping mode: helplessness (MAH) | BII | NS | U: NR M: 0 |
|||||
| Coping mode: resilience (MAH) | D | NS | U: NR M: 0 |
|||||
| Depressive symptoms (DSBSI) | EI | NS | U: NR M: 0 |
|||||
| Global social support satisfaction (one item) | CIII | NS | U: NR M: 0 |
|||||
| Hopelessness (BHS) | BII | NS | U: NR M: 0 |
|||||
| Life stress (LSS) | EII | NS | U: NR M: 0 |
|||||
| Patient-provider relationship (self-developed scale) | CI | NS | U: NR M: 0 |
|||||
| Perceived pressure to take HIV medication (self-developed scale) | CIII | NS | U: NR M: 0 |
|||||
| Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms related to HIV diagnosis (HIE) | EI | NS | U: NR M: 0 |
|||||
| Self-efficacy in taking medication (self-developed scale) | AIII | NS | U: NR M: 0 |
|||||
| Thrasher19 | USA; patients in public use of HCSUS data-set, n=1,911 | Adherence by self-report (straightforward),12 months | (Instruments NR): depressive symptoms | EI | OR =0.98 (0.96, 0.99), P=0.007 | NR | U: − M: NR |
1 of 6 |
| Dysthymia symptoms | EI | OR =0.92 (0.87, 0.96), P=0.001 | U: − M: NR |
|||||
| Social support | CIII | NS | U: 0 M: NR |
|||||
| Horne20 | UK; outpatients, eligible to receive HAART, n=136 | Adherence by self-report (VAS-scale from MASRI, straightforward), 12 months | Depressive symptoms (HADS) | EI | NS | NT | U: 0 M: NT |
3 of 6 |
| HAART concern beliefs about medication (BMQ) | AI | High adherence 2.9 (0.6) versus low adherence 3.3 (0.6), P=0.005 | OR =0.45 (0.22, 0.96), P=0.038 | U: − M: − |
||||
| HAART necessity beliefs about medication | AI | High adherence 4.0 (0.6) versus low adherence 3.7 (0.6), P=0.006 | OR =2.19 (1.02, 4.71), P=0.045 | U: + M: + |
||||
| Mugavero21 | USA; patients receiving care at one of eight infectious disease clinics, n=474 | Non-adherence by self-report (AACTG, straightforward, corrected for baseline non-adherence), 27 months | Number of severe stressful events (LES, modified version) | EII | OR (per event) =1.14 (1.03, 1.26) | NS | U: − M: 0 |
3 of 6 |
| Number of stressful events (moderate + severe stressful events) | EII | OR (per event) =1.09 (1.04, 1.13) | OR (per event) =1.10 (1.04, 1.16) | U: − M: − |
||||
| Number of traumatic events | EII | OR (per event) =1.73 (1.24, 2.39) | NS | U: − M: 0 |
||||
| Number of types of lifetime traumatic experiences (composite measure of diverse questionnaires) | EII | NS | NS | U: 0 M: 0 |
||||
| Carrieri22 | France; patients starting HAART-regimen including at least oneprotease inhibitor, n=1,110 | Non-adherence by self-report (AACTG,straightforward), 60 months | Depressive symptoms (CES-D) | EI | b =0.22 (95% CI =0.12, 0.32), P<0.001 | b =0.18 (0.07, 0.29) | U: − M: − |
2 of 6 |
| Support from partner (whether principal or not, instrument NR) | CII | b =−0.16 (−0.26, −0.07), P=0.001 | b =−0.15 (−0.25, −0.05) | U: + M: + |
||||
| Transplant-related (immunosuppressant medication) | ||||||||
| Stilley23 | USA; transplant patients, recruited before hospital discharge or atearly clinic visit, n=152 | Adherence by MEMS (continuous measure), 6 months | Affective dysregulation (degree of negative affectivity and irritability, DI) | EI | Correlation coefficient: NS¶¶ | NR | U: 0 M: NR |
1 of 6 |
| Behavioral dysregulation (impulsivity, sensation seeking, aggression) | D | r=0.26, P≤0.05*** | U: −††† M: NR |
|||||
| Cognitive dysregulation (less strategic thinking, problem solving, self-monitoring) | BI | NS¶¶ | U: 0 M: NR |
|||||
| Family environment (family support, FRI) | CII | NS¶¶ | U: 0 M: NR |
|||||
| Hostility (CMHS) | D | NS¶¶ | U: 0 M: NR |
|||||
| De Geest24 | Belgium; convenience sample of outpatients, n=101 | Non-adherence by MEMS (ordinal measure, correction for past adherence), 6 months | Depressive symptoms (BDI) | EI | NR | NS | U: NR M: 0 |
2 of 6 |
| Self-efficacy in taking medication (LTMSES) | AIII | Median =4.85 (Q1 =4.70, Q3 =5.00) for excellent adherers, 4.81 (Q1 =4.70, Q3 =4.89) for moderate non-adherers, 4.41 (Q1 =4.30, Q3 =4.81) for minor adherers, P=0.04 | U: NR M: + |
|||||
| Social support (PRQ) | CIII | NS | U: NR M: 0 |
|||||
| Symptom distress (ATSFDS) | EII | NS | U: NR M: 0 |
|||||
| Russell25 | USA; convenience sample of renal transplant patients, n=50 | Adherence by MEMS (ordinal measure), 12 months | Depressive symptoms (BDI) | EI | NS | NR | U: 0 M: NR |
0 of 6 |
| Emotional burden (MS) | EI | NS | U: 0 M: NR |
|||||
| Self-efficacy in taking medication (LTMSES) | AIII | NS | U: 0 M: NR |
|||||
| Social support (SSAI) | CIII | NS | U: 0 M: NR |
|||||
| Weng26 | USA; patients recruited at time of renal transplantation, n=829 | Adherence by MEMS (ordinal measure), 12 months posttransplantation | Beliefs regarding who or what controls and influences one’s health (MHLCS) | AIII | OR =1.05 (1.00, 1.11), P=0.05 (powerful others subscale) | NS | U: + M: 0 |
2 of 6 |
| Depressive symptoms (CES-D) | EI | NS | NT | U: 0 M: NT |
||||
| Perceived stressfulness of transplant-related issues (TSQ) | EII | NS | NT | U: 0 M: NT |
||||
| Perceptions that social needs are being met (friends and family sub-score, SSAS) | CII | NS | NT | U: 0 M: NT |
||||
| Dew27 | USA; heart transplant patients at academic hospital‡‡‡, n=108 | Non-adherence by self-report (straight-forward), 12 months post-transplantation | Coping strategies: use of active-behavioral coping (Coping checklist) | BI | NS | NT | U: 0 M: NT |
2 of 6 |
| Coping strategies: use of active-cognitive coping | BI | NS | NT | U: 0 M: NT |
||||
| Coping strategies: use of avoidance coping (% high) | BII | Non-adherent 58.8%, adherent 29.9%, P<0.05 | OR =9.71, P<0.05 | U: − M: − |
||||
| Emotional status: anger-hostility symptoms (SCL-90) | EI | Non-adherent 47.1%, adherent 12.1%, P<0.001 | OR =13.40, P<0.05 | U: − M: − |
||||
| Emotional status: anxiety symptoms | EI | Non-adherent 82.4%, adherent 53%, P<0.05 | NS | U: − M: 0 |
||||
| Emotional status: depressive symptoms | EI | NS | NT | U: 0 M: NT |
||||
| Sense of mastery (ie, control over life, SMS) | AIII | NS | NT | U: 0 M: NT |
||||
| Social support: caregiver support (% poor) (Spanier,35 Pearlin and Schooler)36 | CII | Non-adherent 52.9%, adherent 27.0%, P<0.05 | NS | U: − M: 0 |
||||
| Social support: friend support (Moos)37 | CII | NS | NT | U: 0 M: NT |
||||
| Dew28 | USA; patients receiving first lung transplantation in academic hospital, n=178 | Non-adherence by self-report (straightforward), 24 months | Anger-hostility symptoms (SC) | EI | (Correlation coefficient, significant if r≥0.15***): r≥0.15 | NS | U: ? M: 0 |
1 of 6 |
| Anxiety symptoms (SC) | EI | r≥0.15 | NS | U: ? M: 0 |
||||
| Care provider locus of control (health outcomes due to professional? MHLCS) | AIII | r≥0.15 | NS | U: ? M: 0 |
||||
| Chance locus of control (health outcomes occur by chance?) | AIII | r≥0.15 | NS | U: ? M: 0 |
||||
| Degree to which one can rely on friends for emotional/practical support/friend support (Moos)37 | CII | r≥0.15 | NS | U: ? M: 0 |
||||
| Depressive symptoms (SC) | EI | r≥0.15 | NS | U: ? M: 0 |
||||
| Expectations about the future/optimism (LOT) | D | r≥0.15 | NS | U: ? M: 0 |
||||
| Internal locus of control (can I influence my health outcome? MHLCS) | AIII | r≥0.15 | NS | U: ? M: 0 |
||||
| Supportiveness (both emotionally and practically) of recipient’s relationship with their primary family caregiver (when low = higher odds) (DAS) | CII | r≥0.15 | OR =2.59 (1.20, 5.58), P<0.05 | U: ? M: − |
||||
| Dobbels29 | Belgium: heart, liver and lung transplant patients listed at university hospitals, n=186 | Non-adherence by self-report (straightforward, corrected for pre-transplant adherence), 12 months posttransplantation | Agreeableness (one’s orientation along continuum from compassion to antagonism, NEO-FFI) | D | NR | NT or NS | U: NR/NS M: 0 |
1 of 6 |
| Anxiety symptoms (HADS) | EI | NT or NS | U: NR/NS M: 0 |
|||||
| Conscientiousness (ie, degree of organization, NEO-FFI) | D | OR =0.80 (0.67, 0.95), P=0.01 | U: NR/NS M: + |
|||||
| Depressive symptoms (HADS) | EI | NT or NS | U: NR/NS M: 0 |
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| Extraversion (capacity for joy, need for stimulation, NEO-FFI) | D | NT or NS | U: NR/NS M: 0 |
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| General received practical and informational support (SSQ) | CIII | NT or NS | U: NR/NS M: 0 |
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| Neuroticism (NEO-FFI) | D | NT or NS | U: NR/NS M: 0 |
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| Openness to experience (toleration for and exploration of the unfamiliar, NEO-FFI) | D | NT or NS | U: NR/NS M: 0 |
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| Received specific support with medication taking (SSQ) | CIII | OR =0.94 (0.89, 0.99), P=0.03 | U: NR/NS M: + |
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| DiMatteo30,|| || | USA: patients from five medical specialties in HMOs, large multispecialty groups or solo practices, n=max 1,828§§§ | Adherence by self-report (straightforward, continuous measure, correction for baseline adherence), 24 months | Health distress (instrument NR) | EII | NR | ß =−0.22, P=0.05 | U: NR M: − |
0 of 6 |
| Perceptions of physician’s authoritativeness (self-developed scale) | CI | NT or NS | U: NR M: 0 |
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| Satisfaction with interpersonal medical care (Sherbourne)38 | CI | NT or NS | U: NR M: 0 |
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| Social support (composite measure, Sherbourne and Stewart)39 | CIII | NT or NS | U: NR M: 0 |
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| Tendency to use avoidance coping (instrument NR) | BII | NT or NS | U: NR M: 0 |
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NS (non significant): as reported in the concerning study. UD (undetermined): because of inadequate description in the concerning study.
Binary outcome measure, unless indicated otherwise. With a straightforward question, we mean that participants were directly asked to indicate how many medication doses they missed. For example: “How many pills did you take this week?”;
follow-up period = number of months between baseline (unless indicated otherwise) and last adherence measurement;
if no instrument is mentioned for predictor, then previous mentioned instrument is applicable;
psychosocial category, to which a predictor was assigned. A = Beliefs and cognitions about: I) medication and treatment; II) illness; III) self-efficacy and locus of control. B = coping styles: I) task oriented, II) emotion oriented. C = Social influences and social support: I) regarding medical caregiver; II) regarding friends and family; III) in general. D = personality traits. E = psychological well-being: I) mood state; II) perceived stress/stressors;
OR: Odds Ratio (95% confidence interval). OR <1 = lower chance of being adherent or non-adherent (for direction in relevant study, see column “Adherence, follow-up period”) when predictor increases or when predictor ≠ reference category. OR > 1 = greater change of being adherent or non-adherent when predictor increases (or when predictor ≠ reference category). Scores other than OR are the mean predictor scores with standard deviation, unless indicated otherwise;
+ = higher level of predictor implies higher adherence at level P≤0.05; − = higher level of predictor implies less adherence at P≤0.05; 0 = no significant association between predictor and adherence at P≤0.05; ? = association present, but direction unclear;
to determine methodological quality, six bias domains per study were judged. Here, the total amount of bias free domains is reported (for further details, see table S3);
assumed that all variables, tested by univariate analysis, were also tested by multivariate analysis;
retrospective design;
Diagnosis for coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and/or hyperlipidaemia;
not reported in study is interpreted by HZ/BvdB as not significant;
significance of P≤0.05 assumed by HZ/BvdB;
negative association assumed;
type of medication is immunosuppressants, antihypertensives, and/or antivirals;
use of chronic preventive medication assumed;
unexpected direction.
Abbreviations: AACTG, adult AIDS clinical trials group; ALTMBSES, adapted long term medication behavior self efficacy scale; AGSRP, adapted gay service research project; AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; AMHI, adapted mental health inventory; APIAQ, adapted protease inhibitor attitude questionnaire; ART, antiretroviral therapy; ASBSI, anxiety subscale of brief symptom inventory; ATS, anxiety trait scale; ATSFDS, adapted version of transplant symptom frequency and distress scale; AWC, adapted ways of coping BDI, beck depression inventory; BHLES, buffalo HIV life events survey; BHS, beck hopelessness scale; BMICIS, Billings and Moos inventory of coping with illness styles; BMQ, beliefs about medication questionnaire; BST, Burnam interviewer-administered 8-item screening tool; CES-D, center for epidemiologic studies depression scale; CMHS, Cook-Medley hostility scale; DAS, dyadic adjustment scale; DI, dysregulation inventory; DOS, dispositional optimism scale; DSBSI, depression subscale of brief symptom inventory; DSPERI, demoralization scale of psychiatric epidemiology research interview; FRI, family relations index (from family environment scale); FTSSH, Finnish twin study scale of hostility; GHQ, general health questionnaire; HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy; HADS, hospital anxiety and depression scale; HAT-QOL, HIV/AIDS-targeted quality of life instrument; HBS, health behaviour scale; HCSUS, HIV cost and services utilization study; HIE, Horowitz impact of events scale; HIS, health intention scale; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HMO, health maintenance organization; ICS, inhaled corticosteroids; IDD, inventory to diagnose depression; IQR, interquartile range; ISEL, interpersonal support evaluation list; LES, life experience survey; LOT-R, life orientation test; LSS, life stressors scale; LTMSES, long term medication self-efficacy scale; MAH, mental adjustment to HIV; MARS, medication adherence report scale; MAS, Miller attitude scale; MASRI, medication adherence self-report inventory; MEMS, medication even monitoring system; MHLCS, multidimensional health locus of control scale; MOS, medical outcome study health survey; MS, Memphis survey; NEO-FFI, NEO five factor inventory; NR, not reported; NS, non-significant; NSEPQSS, neuroticism scale of the Eysenck personality questionnaire-revised short scale; NT, not tested; OR, odds ratio; Pat SS, patient satisfaction scale; PEI, psychiatric epidemiology interview; POMS, profiles of mood states; PPCS, perceived parenting competence scale; PRQ, personal resource questionnaire; PSS, perceived stress scale; RSEQR, Rosenberg self-esteem questionnaire; SC, symptom checklist; SCL-90, Symptom Checklist-90-R; SEM, standard error of the mean; SF-36, short form-36 health survey; SMS, sense of mastery scale; SOC, sense of coherence; SPS, social provision scale; SSAI, social support appraisals index; SSAS, social support appraisal scale; SSQ, social support questionnaire; TSQ, transplant stress questionnaire; VAS, visual analog scale.