Table 3.

Separate models, by age group, of predictors of functional status measured by the Barthel index, using generalized estimating equations models.

	Age ≤69 years						Age >69 years
	Baseline Barthel index score			Change over time in Barthel index score			Baseline Barthel index score			Change over time in Barthel
Variable	Differenc e in baseline Barthel Index score§	Std Error	p-value	Annual change in Barthel index score	Std error	p-value	Difference in baseline Barthel Index score§	Std Error	p-value	Annual change in Barthel index score	Std error	p-value
Overall change	--	--	--	−0.45	0.17	0.007	--	--	--	−2.45	0.35	<0.0001
Demographic variables
Age (centered on mean age)	−0.02	0.03	0.5	−0.03	0.005	<0.0001	−0.32	0.07	<0.0001	−0.15	0.01	<0.0001
Male sex	0.24	0.34	0.5	0.18	0.07	0.008	0.12	0.75	0.9	0.43	0.16	0.008
Race-ethnicity†
Black	0.14	0.56	0.8	−0.12	0.11	0.3	−0.87	0.85	0.3	−0.20	0.18	0.3
Hispanic	1.00	0.51	0.05	−0.08	0.10	0.4	1.25	0.99	0.2	−0.30	0.22	0.2
At least high school education	0.38	0.41	0.4	0.04	0.07	0.5	1.14	0.75	0.1	0.02	0.17	0.9
Insured with Medicaid or uninsured	−1.28	0.33	0.0001	−0.03	0.07	0.6	−3.69	0.89	<0.0001	0.11	0.18	0.5
Social variables
Married	0.06	0.34	0.9	−0.009	0.08	0.9	3.56	0.69	<0.0001	0.05	0.16	0.8
At least one friend	1.26	0.63	0.048	−0.08	0.10	0.4	1.01	0.99	0.3	0.14	0.20	0.5
Vascular risk factors
Diabetes	−1.00	0.57	0.08	−0.42	0.11	0.0002	−2.64	0.82	0.001	−0.46	0.19	0.02
Depression	−2.47	0.82	0.003	−0.12	0.13	0.3	−3.59	1.42	0.01	−0.54	0.28	0.0495
Hypertension	−0.36	0.31	0.2	−0.07	0.06	0.2	0.73	0.85	0.4	0.22	0.18	0.2
History of coronary artery disease	−0.64	0.52	0.2	−0.15	0.10	0.1	−1.15	0.72	0.1	−0.16	0.17	0.3
Hypercholesterolemia	0.28	0.37	0.4	0.16	0.08	0.03	0.84	0.76	0.3	0.16	0.15	0.3
Any physical activity	1.15	0.37	0.002	0.06	0.07	0.4	3.56	0.69	<0.0001	−0.07	0.14	0.6
Smoking status**
Past	−0.68	0.40	0.09	0.09	0.08	0.3	−0.86	0.76	0.3	−0.05	0.16	0.7
Current	−1.50	0.51	0.003	0.06	0.09	0.5	0.33	0.97	0.7	−0.09	0.20	0.7
Alcohol use‡
Moderate	0.65	0.32	0.04	0.01	0.07	0.9	1.26	0.66	0.06	0.42	0.15	0.007
Heavy	0.96	0.76	0.2	−0.17	0.13	0.2	−0.58	1.39	0.7	0.57	0.36	0.1

^§compared to the referent group as specified in the text, unless otherwise specified;

^†compared to non-Hispanic white race-ethnicity;

^**compared to no smoking;

^‡compared to low or no alcohol use