Table 1.

Summary table of studies that have investigated time perception in TBI patients.

References	Patients	Clinical characteristics	Tasks	Condition	Durations	Neuropsychological tasksa	Effect size
Meyers and Levin, 1992	Disoriented TBI = 10	18 severe, 5 moderate, 11 mild; PTA = 16; TPI = 37 days	Time reproduction	Simple	5, 10, and 15 s	NA	5 s d = 1.01b,c
	Oriented TBI = 24		Verbal estimation				10 s d = 0.46b,c
	Controls = 12						15 s d = 0.52b,c
Perbal et al., 2003	TBI = 15	GCS = 6.4; PTA = 88; TPI = 11 months	Time reproduction	Control counting	5, 14, and 38 s	Short-term memory = forward digit and spatial span, Corkin-free interval; Working memory = backward digit and spatial span, Corkin-concurrent interval; Episodic memory = Grober and Buschke task	NA
	Controls = 15		Time production	Concurrent reading
Schmitter-Edgecombe and Rueda, 2008	TBI = 27	14 severe and 13 moderate; PTA = 24.11; TPI = 41.93 days	Verbal estimation	Concurrent reading	10, 25, 45, and 60 s	Attention/speeded processing = Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Trail Making Test—A; Verbal memory = Rey Verbal Learning Test; Visual memory = 7/24 Spatial Recall Test; Executive functions = Trial Making Test—B, Letter Number Sequencing subtest from the WAIS-III, Controlled Oral Word Association Test	10 s d = 0.29b
	Controls = 27						25 s d = 0.51b
							45 s d = 0.91b
							60 s d = 0.96b
Anderson and Schmitter-Edgecombe, 2011	TBI = 15	8 severe and 7 moderate; PTA = 23.27; TPI = 432.13 days	Verbal estimation	Concurrent reading	10, 25, 45, and 60 s	Attention/Speeded processing = Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Trial Making Test-A; Episodic memory = Rey Auditory; Verbal Learning Test, 7/24 Spatial Recall Test; Executive functions = Letter Number; Sequencing subtest from the WAIS-III, Controlled Oral Word Association Test	η2 = 0.16d
	Controls = 15
Mioni et al., 2012	TBI = 18	18 severe; GCS = 6.77; PTA = 11.78; TPI = 24.50	Time reproduction	Concurrent reading	4, 9, and 14 s	Attention = Stroop; Working memory = N-back	4 s d = 0.05b
	Controls = 18						9 s d = 0.05b
							14 s d = 0.04b
Mioni et al., 2013a	TBI = 27	27 severe; GCS = 7; PTA = 62.81; TPI = 30.15	Time discrimination	Simple	Standard duration 500 and 1300 ms	Attention = Stroop; Working memory = N-back	500 ms d = 1.5e
	Controls = 27						1300 ms d = 0.75e
Mioni et al., 2013b	TBI = 15	15 severe; GCS = 6.3; TPI = 31.40	Time reproduction	Simple	500, 1000, and 1500 ms	Attention = Divided attention, Go-Nogo; Working memory = N-back, Digit span backward; Executive functions = Verbal fluency, Wisconsin Cards Sorting Test	Time reproductionb: 500 ms d = 0.47; 1000 ms d = 0.17; 1500 d = 0.23 Time productionb: 500 ms d = 0.05; 1000 ms d = 0.81; 1500 d = 0.06 Time discriminatione: 500 ms d = 0.88; 1000 ms d = 0.72; 1500 d = 0.62
	Controls = 15		Time production
			Time discrimination

GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale (Teasdale and Jennett, 1974; <8 = severe TBI); TPI, Time Post Injury; PTA, Post Traumatic Amnesia (Mean days); NA, not available; Simple, temporal task alone; Control counting, count aloud for the stimulus duration; Concurrent reading, temporal task + non-temporal task.

^aReferences to neuropsychological tasks are not reported because the authors referred to different versions of the tasks; please refer to the specific articles for the appropriate references.

^bAnalyses were conducted on RATIO.

^cAnalyses were conducted between TBI patients (oriented and disoriented TBI together) and controls.

^dAnalyses were conducted on RATIO as reported in the original paper.

^eAnalyses were conducted on proportion of correct responses.