Table 3. Association between vitamin D levels and specific characteristics of depression by separate linear regression adjusted for confoundersa within the depressed group.
| Characteristic |
Mean (s.d.) |
Calcidiol (25-(OH)D3) |
Calcitriol (1,25-(OH)2D3) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| or n (%) | B (s.e.) | β | P | B (s.e.) | β | P | |
| Depression severity (IDS) | 30.1 (13.0) | −0.14 (0.10) | −0.077 | 0.174 | −0.10 (0.21) | −0.026 | 0.631 |
| IDS mood subscale | 9.0 (5.2) | −0.15 (0.25) | −0.034 | 0.540 | −0.10 (0.51) | −0.011 | 0.837 |
| IDS motivation subscale | 5.0 (3.1) | −0.25 (0.41) | −0.034 | 0.537 | −0.22 (0.83) | −0.014 | 0.789 |
| IDS somatic subscale | 9.7 (4.2) | −0.40 (0.30) | −0.071 | 0.204 | 0.03 (0.63) | 0.003 | 0.962 |
| Age of onset, continuous (years) | 48.6 (20.4) | 0.04 (0.06) | 0.032 | 0.556 | 0.14 (0.13) | 0.058 | 0.280 |
| Late onset depression (>60 years) | 117 (33.5) | −2.07 (2.63) | −0.043 | 0.432 | −2.77 (5.46) | −0.027 | 0.612 |
| Recurrent depression | 162 (45.6) | 2.02 (2.49) | 0.044 | 0.417 | 3.51 (4.97) | 0.037 | 0.480 |
| Recently remitted depression | 94 (26.5) | −3.50 (2.87) | −0.064 | 0.224 | −2.66 (5.42) | −0.03 | 0.625 |
| Double diagnosesb (y/n) | 93 (26.2) | 0.04 (0.06) | 0.032 | 0.556 | −6.79 (5.44) | −0.063 | 0.213 |
| Use of antidepressants (y/n) | 257 (72.4) | −3.40 (2.63) | −0.067 | 0.197 | −13.72 (5.31) | −0.130 | 0.010 |
| Comorbid anxiety disorder (any) | 140 (39.4) | −1.43 (2.49) | −0.031 | 0.567 | 3.55 (5.06) | 0.036 | 0.484 |
| Anxiety severity (BAI) | 17.4 (11.3) | −0.08 (0.11) | −0.040 | 0.472 | 0.15 (0.23) | 0.037 | 0.496 |
| Neuroticism | 39.0 (7.1) | −0.03 (0.18) | −0.009 | 0.867 | −0.14 (0.35) | −0.021 | 0.695 |
Abbreviations: BAI, Beck Anxiety Inventory; IDS, Inventory of Depressive Symptoms; MDD, major depressive disorder; y/n, yes/no.
a
Adjusted for age, sex, educational level, season of measurement, use of alcohol, smoking, physical activity, waist circumference, number of chronic diseases, cognitive functioning and renal function (see Table 1 for units and/or categories of the covariates).
b
MDD and dysthymia.