Table 1.
Antifouling activities of natural poly-APS, Zn and Cu pyrithiones, and the synthetic poly-APS, assessed as the settlement (EC50) and mortality (LC50) of A. amphitrite cyprids.
| Compound | Treatment (h) | EC50 (mg/L) | LC50 (mg/L) | EC50 (μM) | LC50 (μM) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poly-APS 1 | 24 | 0.27 (0.15–0.47) | 0.049 | ||
| Zn pyrithione 1 | 24 | 0.02 | 0.063 | ||
| Cu pyrithione 1 | 24 | <0.01 | <0.032 | ||
| APS3 | 24 | 5.72 (4.24–7.72) | >100 | 3.9 | |
| 48 | >100 | >100 | |||
| 72 | >100 | >100 | |||
| APS7 | 24 | 10.50 (8.47–13.01) | >100 | 4.5 | |
| 48 | 25.86 (23.29–28.71) | >100 | 11.1 | ||
| 72 | 29.38 (26.17–32.99) | >100 | 12.6 | ||
| APS8 2 | 24 | 0.32 (0.26–0.39) | >100 | 0.026 | |
| 48 | 0.50 (0.36–0.70) | >100 | 0.042 | ||
| 72 | 2.33 (1.78–3.04) | >100 | 0.195 | ||
| APS12 | 24 | nc | >100 | ||
| 48 | nc | >100 | |||
| 72 | 49.82 (37.18–66.76) | >100 | 4.0 | ||
| APS12-2 | 24 | 8.78 (8.37-9.20) | >100 | 0.597 | |
| 48 | 9.38 (8.76–10.05) | >100 | 0.638 | ||
| 72 | 11.13 (10.38–11.94) | >100 | 0.757 | ||
| APS12-3 2 | 24 | 0.89 (0.48–1.65) | 61.13 (51.65–72.36) | 0.146 | 10.0 |
| 48 | 4.03 (3.49–4.65) | 24.24 (20.09–29.24) | 0.661 | 4.0 | |
| 72 | 4.76 (4.44–5.11) | 17.97 (14.88–21.70) | 0.781 | 2.9 |
Data are expressed as EC50 or LC50 (95% confidence interval); EC50, effective concentration that inhibits 50% of the cyprid population settlement; LC50, lethal concentration that kills 50% of the cyprid population; nc, not calculable; 1 data measured after a 24 h-treatment with poly-APS or commercial co-biocide [32]; 2 EC50 calculated from an additional experiment (see the Experimental Section).