FIG. 1.

Granulocyte-macrophage gene deficient+lateral fluid percussion (GM^-/-+LFP) mice display more severe cognitive impairments in Y-maze. GM^-/-+LFP mice displayed fewer entries into the novel arm of the Y-maze compared with all other groups (A). LFP mice spent less time in the novel arm of the Y-maze compared with sham-injured mice (B). There were no significant differences in total arm entries, suggesting motor abnormalities were not a confounding factor (C). ***Significantly different than all other groups, p<0.05. *Significant injury effect, p<0.05. See Results for additional statistical details. WT, wild type.