Table 2. Combination effect of mucosal therapy for allergic diseases.

Combination effect	Animal model
Antigen–adjuvant	HDM–CTB/i.n.,88 OVA–CTB/oral,91 i.n.92 or rBet–CTB/i.n.92
	Thiolated ODN with maleimide-activated OVA/i.t.95
	Der f-CS nanovaccine/i.n.;98 chitosan-pDer p2100 or pDer p1 nanoparticles/oral101
	Mucoadhesive chitosan-formulated OVA/sublingual99
Antigen–probiotics	Co-administration/oral102 and i.n.104
	Recombinant Der p1 111–139105 and Bet v 1107 producing probiotics/i.n.
Induction of Th1, Tr or anti-Th2 immune response	IL-13 peptide-based virus-like particle vaccine/i.n.108
	Chitosan/IFN-γ pDNA nanoparticles (CIN)/i.n.109
	Coadministration of live lactococci producing IL-12 and BLG/i.n.110

Abbreviations: BLG, bovine β-lactoglobulin; CS, chitosan; CIN, chitosan/IFN-γ pDNA nanoparticle; CTB, cholera toxin B; HDM, house dust mite; Der p, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus; i.h., inhalation; i.n., intranasal; i.t., intratracheal; ODN, oligodeoxynucleotide; OVA, ovalbumin.