Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the sample at Time 1
| Bipolar disorder (n = 227) | Non-BP (n = 75) | Healthy controls (n = 81) | Statistics | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | |||||
| Age, mean (SD) | 38.99 (7.8) | 39.51 (9.0) | 39.21 (7.5) | F = 0.12 | 0.9 |
| Sex, % female, mean (SD) | 179 (78.9) | 59 (78.7) | 61 (75.3) | F = 0.46 | 0.8 |
| Race, % white, mean (SD) | 204 (89.9) | 60 (80.0) | 66 (81.5) | F = 6.50 | 0.04 |
| Marital status, % living together, mean (SD) | 120 (52.9)a | 44 (58.7)a | 66 (81.5)b | F = 20.46 | < 0.0001 |
| SES, mean (SD) | 35.10 (14.7)a | 36.35 (13.1)a,b | 40.86 (13.6)b | F = 4.95 | 0.008 |
| Lifetime Axis I psychiatric disorders, n (%) | |||||
| Bipolar I disorder | 154 (67.8) | - | - | ||
| Bipolar II disorder | 73 (32.2) | - | - | ||
| MDD | 33 (44.0) | - | |||
| Dysthymic disorder | 9 (12.0) | - | |||
| Psychosis | 24 (10.6) | 2 (2.7) | X2 = 4.5 | 0.03 | |
| ADHD | 57 (25.1) | 6 (8.0) | X2 = 10.0 | 0.002 | |
| Disruptive behavior disorder | 79 (34.8) | 9 (12.0) | X2 = 14.2 | 0.0002 | |
| ODD | 61 (26.9) | 5 (6.7) | X2 = 13.5 | 0.0002 | |
| Conduct disorder | 46 (20.3) | 5 (6.7) | X2 = 7.4 | 0.006 | |
| Substance use disorder | 143 (63.0) | 38 (50.7) | X2 = 3.6 | 0.06 | |
| Alcohol | 117 (51.5) | 30 (40.0) | X2 = 3.0 | 0.08 | |
| Drugs | 96 (42.3) | 22 (29.3) | X2 = 4.0 | 0.05 | |
| Any anxiety | 167 (73.6) | 26 (34.7) | X2 = 37.0 | < 0.0001 | |
| Panic disorder | 90 (39.7) | 6 (8.0) | X2 = 26.0 | < 0.0001 | |
| SAD | 22 (9.7) | 7 (9.3) | X2 = 0.008 | 0.9 | |
| GAD | 63 (27.8) | 4 (5.3) | X2 = 16.4 | < 0.0001 | |
| PTSD | 83 (36.6) | 12 (16.0) | X2 = 11.1 | 0.0009 | |
| OCD | 31 (13.7) | 2 (2.7) | X2 = 7.0 | 0.008 | |
| Social phobia | 56 (24.7) | 5 (6.7) | X2 = 113 | 0.0008 | |
| Eating disorders | 21 (9.3) | 2 (2.7) | X2 = 3.5 | 0.06 | |
Different superscripts indicate significant differences among groups with p-values < 0.05 after Bonferroni's correction. ADHD = attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; GAD = generalized anxiety disorder; MDD = major depressive disorder; OCD = obsessive compulsive disorder; ODD = oppositional defiant disorder; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; SAD = separation anxiety disorder; SD = standard deviation; SES = socioeconomic status.