Table 3.
Associations Between Gender Identity and Key Health Indicators, Risk and Protective Factors, and Health Outcomes
| Total | Transgender | Nontransgender | Gender identity effect | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Health care access | ||||
| Financial barrier to health service, % | 7.46 | 21.84 | 6.41 | OR = 1.80* |
| Fear of accessing health services, % | 14.87 | 39.53 | 13.01 | OR = 3.96*** |
| Health-related behaviors | ||||
| Current smoking, % | 9.16 | 14.97 | 8.74 | OR = 1.25 |
| Lack of physical activity, % | 15.13 | 22.67 | 14.58 | OR = 2.00** |
| Obesity, % | 25.59 | 39.52 | 24.59 | OR = 1.56* |
| Risk factors | ||||
| Internalized stigma, M (±SD) | 1.47 (±0.57) | 1.78 (±0.65) | 1.45 (±0.55) | b = .42*** |
| Victimization, M (±SD) | 6.51 (±7.33) | 10.99 (±10.05) | 6.19 (±6.98) | b = 3.60*** |
| Identity concealment, % | 17.42 | 31.98 | 16.34 | OR = 4.00*** |
| Protective factors | ||||
| Social support, M (±SD) | 3.09 (±.79) | 2.88 (±.82) | 3.11 (±.79) | b = −.24*** |
| Social network size, M (±SD) | 2.51 (±1.11) | 2.86 (±1.09) | 2.48 (±1.11) | b = .40*** |
| Religious and spiritual activities, M (±SD) | 2.03 (±4.65) | 3.02 (±6.29) | 1.96 (±4.49) | b = .71 |
| Community belonging, M (±SD) | 3.42 (±.76) | 3.30 (±.87) | 3.42 (±.75) | b = −.22** |
| Health outcomes | ||||
| Physical health, M (±SD) | 69.68 (±22.41) | 62.07 (±23.40) | 70.24 (±22.24) | b = −5.54*** |
| Disability, % | 46.81 | 61.76 | 45.73 | OR = 1.55* |
| Depressive symptomatology, M (±SD) | 7.41 (±6.36) | 10.34 (±7.29) | 7.20 (±6.23) | b = 2.19*** |
| Perceived stress, M (±SD) | 1.25 (±.81) | 1.56 (±.88) | 1.22 (±.79) | b = .22** |
Notes: OR = odds ratio; logistic or linear regression analyses were applied to examine the gender identity effect on key health indicators, risk and protective factors, and health outcomes, controlling for age, income, gender, and race/ethnicity.
*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.