TABLE 1.

Somatic Mutation Prevalence of Commonly Altered Genes in Pancreatic Neoplasms

Neoplasm	Chromosome(s)	Gene(s)	Alteration Prevalence	Gene Function
PDA	12	KRAS	95%	Cell signaling (mitogen-activated protein kinase [MAPK] pathway, etc)
	9	P16/CDKN2A	95%	Cell cycle regulation
	17	TP53	75%	Cellular stress response
	18	SMAD4/DPC4	55%	Cell signaling (TGF-β receptor pathway)
IPMN	12	KRAS	80%	Cell signaling (MAPK pathway etc)
	17	RNF43	75%	Ubiquitin ligase
	20	GNAS	60%	Cell signaling (adenylyl cyclase pathway, etc)
	9	P16/CDKN2A	Only in HGD/carcinoma	Cell cycle regulation
	17	TP53	Only in HGD/carcinoma	Cellular stress response
	18	SMAD4/DPC4	Only in HGD/carcinoma	Cell signaling (TGF-β receptor pathway)
	3	PIK3CA	10%	Cell signaling (PI3K [phosphatidylinositol 3-OH kinase] pathway)
MCN	12	KRAS	80%	Cell signaling (MAPK pathway, etc)
	17	RNF43	40%	Ubiquitin ligase
	9	P16/CDKN2A	Only in HGD/carcinoma	Cell cycle regulation
	17	TP53	Only in HGD/carcinoma	Cellular stress response
	18	SMAD4/DPC4	Only in HGD/carcinoma	Cell signaling (TGF-β receptor pathway)
SCA	3	VHL	50%	Ubiquitin ligase (HIE-1α pathway)
SPN	3	CTNNB1	95%	Cell signaling (WNT pathway), cell adhesion
PanNET	11	MEN1	45%	Unknown
	6/X	DAXX/ATRX	45%	Chromatin remodeling (alternative lengthening of telomeres)
	Multiple	mTOR pathway	15%	Cell signaling (PI3K pathway)
ACC	3	CTNNB1	5%	Cell signaling (WNT pathway), cell adhesion
	5	APC	15%	Cell signaling (WNT pathway), cell adhesion
PB	3	CTNNB1	55%	Cell signaling (WNT pathway), cell adhesion
	5	APC	10%	Cell signaling (WNT pathway), cell adhesion
	11	Unknown	85%	Unknown

PDA indicates pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; ACC, acinar cell carcinoma; PB, pancreatoblastoma; HGD, high-grade dysplasia; carcinoma: invasive carcinoma; MCN, mucinous cystic neoplasm; PanNET, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor; SCA, serous cystic neoplasm; SPN, solid-pseudopapillary neoplasm.