Table 2.
Detection (nd) and quantification (nq) incidences of the compounds under study, together with their concentration ranges in Nalophan bags and calculated emission rates. Compounds are divided into chemical classes and ordered with respect to decreasing incidence.
| Class |
VOC |
Incidence nd(nq) |
Concentration range (median) [ppb] |
Emission rate range (median) [fmol × cm−2 × min−1] |
Reported also by: |
Tentative origin |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [%] | [–] | ||||||
| Aldehydes | Acetaldehyde | 100(100) | 31(31) | 27.8–688 (43) | 164–3989 (244) | A, B, C, D, O | (a) Ethanol metabolism [59] (b) Oxidative degradation of linolenic acid [45,46] |
| 2-Propenal | 100(100) | 31(31) | 1.36–7.45 (3.44) | 6.37–45 (19.5) | (a) Smoking [47] | ||
| Butanal, 3-methyl- | 100(100) | 31(31) | 1.19–6.45 (2.45) | 6.09–26.9 (13.4) | |||
| Butanal, 2-methyl- | 100(100) | 31(31) | 0.92–5.43 (2.47) | 5.3–24.8 (14) | E | ||
| n-Propanal | 97(97) | 30(30) | 0.56–20.8 (2.3) | 3.44–112 (12.4) | B, C, D, E, F | (a) Oxidative degradation of linolenic acid and oleic acid [45,46] | |
| 2-Propenal, 2-methyl- | 97(97) | 30(30) | 1.08–12.3 (3.35) | 6.42–55.9 (17.4) | (a) OH-initiated degradation of isoprene [60] | ||
| Propanal, 2-methyl- | 97(97) | 30(30) | 0.90–4 (2.23) | 5.48–17.7 (11.7) | E | ||
| n-Hexanal | 97(97) | 30(30) | 3.43–32.5 (7.56) | 16.8–168 (41.9) | F, G, H, N | (a) Oxidative degradation of linoleic acid, palmitoleic acid and vaccenic acid, [24,45,46] | |
| n-Nonanal | 94(94) | 29(29) | 3.26–19.2 (11.4) | 18.1–119 (58.9) | E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N | (a) Oxidative degradation of oleic acid [24,45,46] | |
| n-Octanal | 87(87) | 27(27) | 4.29–25.9 (6.17) | 22.5–150 (33.1) | E, F, G, H, I, J, K, M | (a) Oxidative degradation of oleic acid [45,46] | |
| n-Heptanal | 81(77) | 25(24) | 2.34–11.2 (4.81) | 12–60 (27.6) | D, E, F, H, M | (a) Oxidative degradation of palmitoleic acid, vaccenic acid [24] | |
| 2-Butenal, (E)- | 71(71) | 22(22) | 0.12–5.48 (0.6) | 0.62–30.2 (3.06) | D | (a) Oxidative degradation of linolenic acid [45] | |
| n-Pentanal | 71(71) | 22(22) | 0.79–3.13 (1.62) | 3.74–14.9 (8.59) | D, F | (a) Oxidative degradation of linoleic acid [46] | |
| Benzaldehyde | 71(71) | 22(22) | 12.7–42.5 (29.1) | 62–238 (147) | E, I, J, K, M, N, O | ||
| n-Butanal | 48(48) | 15(15) | 0.98–53.8 (2.1) | 4.6–311 (12) | F | (a) Oxidative degradation of linolenic acid [45] | |
| 2-Hexenal, (E)- | 48(35) | 15(11) | 0.7–1.72 (1.06) | 3.29–9.51 (6.29) | |||
| 2-Butenal, 3-methyl- | 39(39) | 12(12) | 2.36–15.1 (5.28) | 13.5–68.7 (28.3) | K | ||
| Butanal, 2-ethyl- | 6(6) | 2(2) | 1.37–3.99 (2.68) | 6.33–26.6 (16.5) | |||
| HCs | 1-Heptene | 100(100) | 31(31) | 0.04–0.72 (0.29) | 0.17–3.28 (1.79) | ||
| n-Heptane | 100(100) | 31(31) | 0.30–1.73 (0.6) | 1.41–7.89 (2.94) | D, E | (a) Oxidative degradation of oleic acid [45] | |
| n-Octane | 100(100) | 31(31) | 0.28–3.66 (1.37) | 1.75–16.9 (7.14) | E | (a) Oxidative degradation of oleic acid [45] | |
| Isoprene | 97(97) | 30(30) | 0.16–3.89 (0.82) | 0.99–17.7 (4.6) | (a) Endogenous cholesterol synthesis [61,62] (b) Peroxidation of squalene [54] (c) Cutaneous synthesis of squalene [63] |
||
| n-Nonane | 97(97) | 30(30) | 0.80–8.84 (2.42) | 4.84–40.3 (12.1) | E, M, N | ||
| 1-Octene | 94(94) | 29(29) | 0.18–1.16 (0.51) | 0.74–7.76 (2.9) | D, H | ||
| 1-Nonene | 90(90) | 28(28) | 0.07–1.72 (0.67) | 0.35–8.1 (3.75) | |||
| 2-Pentene, 2-methyl- | 87(87) | 27(27) | 0.17–11.8 (1.96) | 1.05–54 (9.34) | (a) Peroxidation of squalene [54] | ||
| 1,3-Pentadiene, 2-methyl-, (Z)- | 81(81) | 25(25) | 0.12–1.66 (0.31) | 0.62–8.19 (1.7) | |||
| 1,3-Pentadiene, 2-methyl-, (E)- | 81(77) | 25(24) | 0.10–0.93 (0.23) | 0.51–4.44 (1.24) | |||
| Propene | 65(61) | 20(19) | 1.21–4.96 (2.56) | 4.97–29.3 (13.13) | (a) Peroxidation of squalene [54] | ||
| 1-Pentene | 48(48) | 15(15) | 0.26–0.68 (0.35) | 1.24–3.81 (2.1) | |||
| n-Pentane | 39(39) | 12(12) | 0.49–2.86 (0.99) | 2.69–13.1 (5.19) | D | (a) Oxidative degradation of linoleic acid [45] | |
| 2-Butene, (E)- | 26(26) | 8(8) | 0.05–0.9 (0.12) | 0.30–4.17 (0.57) | |||
| 2-Heptene | 23(23) | 7(7) | 0.15–0.35 (0.21) | 0.75–2.01 (1.29) | |||
| 2-Butene, (Z)- | 10(10) | 3(3) | 0.11–0.76 (0.36) | 0.52–4.42 (1.93) | |||
| 2-Butene, 2,3-dimethyl- | 6(6) | 2(2) | 2.98–9.12 (6.05) | 13.7–43.1 (28.4) | |||
| Ketones | Acetone | 100(100) | 31(31) | 86–808 (206) | 493–3680 (1100) | A, D, E, G, J, L, O | (a) Endogenous decarboxylation of Acetyl–CoA [50] (b) Oxidative degradation of squalene [28,55] |
| 2-Butanone | 100(100) | 31(31) | 0.59–3.64 (1.17) | 3.7–16.6 (6.4) | D, E | ||
| 2-Pentanone | 100(100) | 31(31) | 0.18–1.66 (0.36) | 0.85–7.56 (1.94) | E | (a) Diet [64] (b) 2-Pentanol metabolism [65] |
|
| 5-Hepten-2-one, 6-methyl- | 97(97) | 30(30) | 2.63–167 (24.8) | 14–918 (133) | E, G, H, J, K, L, M, N | (a) Oxidative degradation of squalene [28,55] | |
| 3-Buten-2-one | 87(87) | 27(27) | 0.75–3.23 (1.54) | 4.12–19.5 (8.31) | (a) OH-initiated degradation of isoprene [60] | ||
| 3-Penten-2-one, 4-methyl- | 10(6) | 3(2) | 3.81–42.63 (23.3) | 20.6–247 (133) | |||
| 2-Hexanone | 6(6) | 2(2) | 0.34–0.53 (0.43) | 1.74–3.55 (2.65) | E | ||
| 2-Heptanone | 6(6) | 2(2) | 1.59–1.66 (1.62) | 9.02–10.3 (9.66) | |||
| Heterocycles | Furan, 3-methyl- | 97(97) | 30(30) | 0.08–0.75 (0.17) | 0.44–4.15 (0.9) | E | (a) OH-initiated degradation of isoprene [60] (b) Produced by skin microbiota (Penicillium sp., Aspergillus flavus) [66] |
| Furan, 2-pentyl- | 94(94) | 29(29) | 0.23–1.03 (0.36) | 1.17–5.42 (1.94) | (a) Oxidative degradation of linolenic acid [67] (b) Produced by skin microbiota (Fusarium sp. and Aspergillus flavus) [68] |
||
| Furan, 2-methyl- | 87(87) | 27(27) | 0.13–1.01 (0.33) | 0.6–4.6 (1.8) | E | (a) Smoking [47] | |
| 1,3-Dioxolane, 2-methyl- | 77(77) | 24(24) | 0.11–3.15 (0.57) | 0.63–16 (3.07) | |||
| Furan, 2,5-dimethyl- | 39(39) | 12(12) | 0.07–1.38 (0.09) | 0.37–8.28 (0.55) | (a) Smoking [47] | ||
| 1,3-Dioxolane | 32(32) | 10(10) | 2.81–21.85 (18.1) | 16.4–124 (99) | |||
| Terpenes | DL-Limonene | 97(90) | 30(28) | 0.18–60.64 (1.64) | 0.88–377 (8.76) | I, N | (a) Diet (flavoring) [64] (b) Cosmetics, solvents |
| p-Cymene | 94(52) | 29(16) | 0.31–2.45 (0.46) | 1.43–15.3 (2.68) | J | (a) Diet [64] | |
| γ-Butyrolactone | 74(74) | 23(23) | 0.97–18.90 (4.84) | 5.65–104.5 (26.6) | (a) Produced by skin microbiota (Malassezia)[69] | ||
| β-Pinene | 13(13) | 4(4) | 0.28–2.81 (0.7) | 1.59–18.8 (4.25) | M | (a) Perfumes, cosmetics | |
| Styrene, p,α-dimethyl- | 10(10) | 3(3) | 0.76–10.17 (1.38) | 4.63–63.2 (8) | |||
| Eucalyptol | 10(10) | 3(3) | 1.85–14.24 (2.21) | 9.07–86 (10.1) | (a) Cosmetics (b) Diet (beverages, meat) [64] (c) Insecticide component [70] |
||
| Esters | Ethyl Acetate | 10(10) | 3(3) | 3.74–81.05 (33.6) | 21.7–469 (182) | N | (a) Cosmetics |
| Isopropyl acetate | 6(6) | 2(2) | 23.87–43.78 (33.8) | 138–237 (187) | (a) Cosmetics | ||
| Isobutyl acetate | 6(6) | 2(2) | 11.63–15.52 (13.6) | 63–90 (76) | (a) Cosmetics | ||
| n-Butyl acetate | 10(10) | 3(3) | 130.20–1409 (885) | 659–8140 (4790) | (a) Cosmetics | ||
| Alcohols | Ethanol | 19(10) | 6(3) | 109–7377(329.2) | 683–42773 (2005) | A, D | (a) Oxidative degradation of linoleic acid [45] |
| (b) Diet | |||||||
| 2-Propanol | 6(3) | 2(1) | 87.6 | 506 | D | (a) Disinfectants, cosmetics | |
| Sulphurs | Dimethyl sulfide | 81(77) | 25(24) | 0.13–1.12 (0.48) | 0.60–6.06 (2.52) | E | (a) Endogenous metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids [71] (b) Bacterial decomposition of sulfur-containing amino acids acids [71] |
| Sulfide, allyl methyl | 19(19) | 6(6) | 0.06–0.5 (0.36) | 0.28–3.13 (1.73) | (b) Diet, garlic consumption [72] | ||
| Other | Acetonitrile | 90(90) | 28(28) | 0.47–89 (1.14) | 2.39–407 (6.31) | D | (a) Smoking [47] |
Legend: A – Turner, C., et al., Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 2008, 22(4), 536; B – Moeskops, B.W., et al., Physiol Meas, 2006, 27(11), 1187; C – Steeghs, M.M.L., et al., Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 2006, 253, 58; D – Ellin, R.I., et al.,. J. Chromatogr, 1974, 100(1), 137; E – Bernier, U.R., et al., Anal Chem, 2000, 72(4), 747; F – Luo, X.P., et al., Anal Biochem, 1995, 228(2), 294; G – Wisthaler, A. and C.J. Weschler, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2010, 107(15), 6568; H – Haze, S., et al., J Invest Dermatol, 2001, 116(4), 520; I – Zhang, Z.M., et al., J Chromatogr B, 2005, 822(1–2), 244; J – Gallagher, M., et al., Br J Dermatol, 2008, 159(4), 780; K – Ruzsanyi, V., et al., J Chromatogr B, 2012, 911, 84; L – Fruekilde, P., et al., Atmospheric Environment, 1998, 32(11), 1893., M – Curran, A.M., et al., J Chromatogr, 2007, 846, 86, N – Dormont, L., et al., J. Exp. Bol., 2013, 216, 2783, O – Sekine Y., et al., J Chromatogr B, 2007, 859, 201.