Table 1.
Sample Characteristics Compared by Gender and by Depressive Symptom Status
| Male (N=436) | Female (N=186) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| No Depressive Symptoms | Depressive Symptoms | No Depressive Symptoms | Depressive Symptoms | p value | |
| Demographic Characteristics | |||||
|
| |||||
| Age (Mean ± SD) | 62.49 ± 12.79 | 57.77 ± 11.53 | 61.33 ± 13.41 | 60.60 ± 12.38 | .021‡ |
|
| |||||
| Ethnicity, N (%) | NS | ||||
| African American | 43 (14) | 22 (18) | 35 (29) | 14 (22) | |
| Caucasian | 265 (85) | 102 (82) | 82 (68) | 48 (74) | |
| All others | 4 (1) | 0 (0) | 4 (3) | 3 (5) | |
|
| |||||
| Marital Status, N (%) | NS | ||||
| Single/Divorced/Widowed (compared to married) | 101 (32) | 51 (41) | 81 (67) | 37(57) | |
|
| |||||
| Years Education, (Mean ± SD) | 13.7 ± 3.6 | 12.0 ± 3.0 | 13.3 ± 2.9 | 12.6 ± 2.0 | .015‡ |
|
| |||||
| Financial Status, N (%) | .001* | ||||
| Comfortable | 117 (38) | 34 (28) | 37 (37) | 12 (19) | |
| Enough to make ends meet | 151 (49) | 49 (40) | 58 (48) | 53 (51) | |
| Not enough to make ends meet | 42 (14) | 40 (33) | 26 (22) | 20 (31) | |
|
| |||||
| Behavioral and Clinical Characteristics | |||||
|
| |||||
| Exercise (during past week), N (%) | .001 for men; .015 for women ** | ||||
| None | 82 (26) | 58 (47) | 40 (33) | 34 (52) | |
| <30 min per week | 42 (14) | 22 (18) | 21 (17) | 12 (19) | |
| 30–60 min per week | 49 (16) | 13 (11) | 26 (22) | 6 (9) | |
| 1–3 hours per week | 77 (25) | 15 (12) | 18 (15) | 11 (17) | |
| >3 hours per week | 62 (20) | 15 (12) | 16 (13) | 2 (3) | |
|
| |||||
| Smoking, N (%) | NS | ||||
| Current or quit < 1 year | 73 (23) | 42 (33) | 28 (23) | 19 (29) | |
| Former quit > 1 year | 152 (49) | 49 (40) | 43 (36) | 27 (42) | |
| Never | 87 (28) | 33 (27) | 50 (41) | 19 (29) | |
|
| |||||
| Body Mass Index, (Mean ± SD) | 30.27 ± 7.22 | 29.95 ± 7.40 | 30.38 ± 8.18 | 32.34 ± 8.92 | NS |
|
| |||||
| Charlson Comorbidity Index Scores (Mean ± SD) | 3.27 ± 2.03 | 3.75 ± 2.33 | 3.09 ± 1.98 | 4.34 ± 2.72 | .001‡ |
|
| |||||
| Etiology, N (%) | .05§ | ||||
| Ischemic | 188 (59) | 66 (59) | 47 (33) | 33 (43) | |
| Non-ischemic (idiopathic, hypertensive, alcoholic) | 132 (41) | 53 (47) | 95 (67) | 43 (57) | |
|
| |||||
| NYHA Functional Class, N (%) | .001 for men and women** | ||||
| I & II | 164 (53) | 28 (23) | 49 (41) | 10 (15) | |
| III & IV | 148 (47) | 96 (77) | 72 (60) | 55 (85) | |
|
| |||||
| Functional Capacity (DASI scores) (Mean ± SD) | 16.97 ± 14.00 | 7.00 ± 8.01 | 12.86 ± 11.56 | 6.62 ± 7.46 | .001 for depressive symptoms; .045 for gender†‡ |
|
| |||||
| Psychosocial Characteristics | |||||
|
| |||||
| Health Perception (now), N (%): | .001** | ||||
| Excellent | 7 (2) | 2 (2) | 2 (2) | 1 (2) | |
| Very good | 40 (13) | 4 (3) | 16 (13) | 2 (3) | |
| Good | 113 (36) | 14 (11) | 43 (36) | 16 (25) | |
| Fair | 105 (34) | 58 (47) | 43 (36) | 16 (25) | |
| Poor | 47 (15) | 46 (37) | 17 (14) | 30 (46) | |
|
| |||||
| Perceived control (CAS total scores), (Mean ± SD) | 17.69 ± 5.13 | 14.09 ± 5.54 | 16.90 ± 5.82 | 14.31 ± 6.14 | .001‡ |
|
| |||||
| Anxiety (BSI scores), (Mean ± SD) | .48 ± .59 | 1.53 ± 1.09 | .61 ± .62 | 1.58 ± 1.11 | .001‡ |
Notes: CAS=Control Attitudes Scale; BSI= Brief Symptom Inventory; DASI= Duke Activity Status Index; PHQ-9=Patient Health Questionnaire-9;
*
Differences by gender and depressive symptoms by chi-square
†
Main effect of gender by ANOVA;
‡
Main effect of depressive symptoms by ANOVA
§
Differences by gender only using chi-square
**
Differences by depressive symptoms only using chi-square
NS= No significant differences