Table 1.
Effects of carbon nanomaterials on plants
| Nanoparticle | Size (nm) | Plant | Concentration | Effect | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C60 Fullerenes |
1450-1900 |
Corn |
500 mg kg−1 |
Reduced biomass |
Torre-Roche et al. [36] |
| |
|
Soybean |
Reduced biomass |
Torre-Roche et al. [36] |
|
| Fullerol [C60 (OH)20] |
1.5 ± 0.2-5.00 ± 0.7 |
Bitter melon |
0.943, 4.72, 9.43, 10.88 and 47.20 nM |
Increased biomass yield, water content, fruit length, fruit number, and fruit fresh weight, increased two anticancerous phytomedicines, cucurbitacin-B and lycopene, and two antidiabetic phytomedicines, charantin and insulin |
Kolle et al. [37] |
| Functionalized carbon nanotube |
8 |
Lettuce |
104, 315, 1750 mg L−1 |
Reduced root length at longer exposure |
Cañas et al. [34] |
| Functionalized single-walled carbon nanotube |
8 |
Cabbage, carrot, lettuce, onion, tomato |
9, 56, 315, 1750 mg L−1 |
No effect |
Cañas et al. [34] |
| Multiwalled carbon nanotube |
|
Zucchini |
1000 mg L−1 |
Reduced biomass |
Stampoulis et al. [38] |
| |
|
Lettuce |
2000 mg L−1 |
Reduced root length |
Lin and Xing [39] |
| |
Diameter range: 10-30 |
Rice |
20, 40, 80 mg L−1 |
Chromatin condensed inside the cytoplasm and caused cell death, plasma membrane detachment from cell wall and cell shrinkage |
Tan and Lin [40] |
| |
|
Tomato |
10-40 mg L−1 |
Significant increase in germination rate, fresh biomass, and length of stem significantly enhanced moisture content inside tomato seeds |
Khodakovskaya et al. [41] |
| |
|
Corn, cucumber, radish, rapeseed, ryegrass, lettuce |
2000 mg L−1 |
No effect on germination |
Lin and Xing [39] |
| |
|
Ryegrass |
2000 mg L−1 |
Increased root length |
Lin and Xing [39] |
| |
|
Zucchini |
|
No effect on the germination |
Stampoulis et al. [38] |
| |
Internal dimension: 110-170 |
Wheat |
100 mg L−1 |
No significant effect on root or shoot growth |
Wild and Jones [42] |
| |
10-25 |
Tomato |
50-200 μg L−1 |
Significant increase in plant height, flower and fruit formation |
Khodakovskaya et al. [43] |
| Single-walled carbon nanotube |
1.19 (major), 18, 722 |
Rice |
400 mg L−1 |
Delayed flowering, decreased yield |
Lin et al. [44] |
| |
8 |
Tomato |
104, 315, 1750 mg L−1 |
Most sensitive in root reduction |
Cañas et al. [34] |
| |
8 |
Cucumber onion, |
104, 315, 1750 mg L−1 |
Increased root length |
Cañas et al. [34] |
| 8 | Cabbage, carrot, lettuce | 104, 315, 1750 mg L−1 | No effect | Cañas et al. [34] |