Table 3.

Estimated differences in means for knee frontal plane motion measures based on presence vs. absence of varus thrust, from the multiple regression models fit via generalized estimating equations (GEE) (n = 440)

Measures of frontal plane motion during gait	Difference* (95% confidence interval)
	Unadjusted	Adjusted for age, gender, and BMI	Adjusted for age, gender, BMI, and gait speed	Adjusted for age, gender, BMI, gait speed, and alignment
Peak knee varus angle during stance (°)	0.90 (0.51, 1.30)	0.95 (0.55, 1.36)	0.96 (0.56, 1.36)	0.49 (0.13, 0.85)
Peak knee varus angle during early stance (°)	1.02 (0.68, 1.35)	1.03 (0.69, 1.37)	1.04 (0.70, 1.38)	0.58 (0.29, 0.87)
Peak knee varus angle during mid-stance (°)	1.16 (0.72, 1.59)	1.29 (0.83, 1.75)	1.28 (0.82, 1.75)	0.56 (0.19, 0.94)
Peak knee varus angle during terminal stance (°)	0.74 (0.35, 1.13)	0.81 (0.40, 1.21)	0.81 (0.41, 1.21)	0.27 (−0.06, 0.61)
Peak knee varus angle during pre-swing (°)	0.99 (0.55, 1.44)	0.92 (0.45, 1.38)	0.91 (0.45, 1.38)	0.59 (0.12, 1.05)
Peak knee varus angular velocity (°/sec)	6.65 (2.99, 10.31)	6.76 (2.79, 10.73)	7.20 (3.56, 10.84)	6.78 (2.55, 11.01)

^*Positive difference indicates greater mean value for knees with varus thrust vs. those without varus thrust.

95% CI that excludes 0 indicates a statistically significant difference between the groups, and is shown in bold font.