Table 1.

Disease types and transmission cycles of visceral leishmaniasis worldwide

Causative parasites	Disease	Countries (suspected)	Landscapes	Reservoir hosts	Incriminated vectora	Suspected vectora
L. donovani	VL, DL, CL	Northeast India, Nepal, Bangladesh, (Bhutan), Sri Lanka	Rural, peri-domestic	Human anthroponosis	P. (Eu.) argentipes	None
L. donovani	VL	People’s Republic of China	Rural, peri-domestic	Unknown	None	P. (Pa.) alexandri; P. (Ad.) species
L. donovanib	VL, DL	Sudan, Ethiopia, (Chad), (Yemen)	Rural, Acacia–Balanites forest	Human anthroponosis; possibly mongoose?	P. (La.) orientalis	None
L. donovanib	VL, DL	Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya, (Uganda)	Rural, savanna termite mounds	human anthroponosis?	P. (Sy.) martini	P. (Sy.) celiae, P. (Sy.) vansomerenae
L. infantum	VL, CL	Med Europe, North Africa, Southwest Asia, People’s Republic of China	Rural, peri-domestic	Domestic dog, wild canids, domestic cat	P. (La.) ariasi, perniciosus	P. (La.) species; P.(Ad.) species
L. infantumc	VL, CL	Latin America: not Peru or Guianas	Rural, peri-domestic	Domestic dog, wild canids	Lu. (L.) longipalpis	Lu. (Lu.) species; Lu. (Pf.) evansi

Notes:

^aVectorial status based on number of criteria met;²

^bsome strains formerly named L. archibaldi;

^csometimes named L. chagasi.

Abbreviations: Ad., Adlerius; CL, cutaneous leishmaniasis; DL, diffuse or dermal leishmanoid leishmaniasis; Eu., Euphlebotomus; L., Leishmania; La., Larroussius; Lu., Lutzomyia; Med, Mediterranean; P., Phlebotomus; Pa., Paraphlebotomus; Pf., Pifanomyia; Sy., Synphlebotomus; VL, visceral leishmaniasis.