TABLE 1.

Summary of studies showing enhanced response of cytotoxic chemotherapy in combination with pharmacologic inhibition of autophagy

Therapeutic Agent	Model	Autophagy Inhibition	Response	Reference
Temozolomide	Human malignant glioma cell lines	3-Methyladenine	Decreased cytotoxicity	Kanzawa et al., 2004
		Bafilomycin A	Increased cytotoxicity
Cyclophosphamide	Murine Myc-induced lymphoma cancer	Chloroquine	Increased antitumor response	Amaravadi et al., 2007
5-Fluorouracil	Human colon cancer cell lines	3-Methyladenine	Increased apoptosis	Li et al., 2009
5-Fluorouracil	Human colon cancer cell lines and xenograft		Increased cytotoxicity	Li et al., 2010
5-Fluorouracil	Human colon cancer cell line (HT29)	Chloroquine	Increased cytotoxicity	Sasaki et al., 2010
5-Fluorouracil	Human hepatic carcinoma cell lines	3-Methyladenine	Increased apoptosis	Guo et al., 2012
5-Fluorouracil	Murine colon cancer cell line and tumor xenograft	Chloroquine	Increased apoptosis	Sasaki et al., 2012
5-Fluorouracil	Human NSCLC cell line (A549)	3-Methyladenine	Increased apoptosis	Pan et al., 2013
Cisplatin	Esophageal SSC cell line (EC9706)	3-Methyladenine	Increased apoptosis	Liu et al., 2011a
Cisplatin	Human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines	3-Methyladenine	Increased cytotoxicity	Hou et al., 2011
		Wortmannin
Cisplatin	Human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa)	3-Methyladenine	Increased apoptosis	Xu et al., 2012
		Chloroquine
Cisplatin	Human hepatic carcinoma cell lines	3-Methyladenine	Increased apoptosis	Guo et al., 2012
Cisplatin	Laryngeal cancer cells (Hep-2)	3-Methyladenine	Increased apoptosis	Kang et al., 2012
Cisplatin	Human NSLC cell line (A549)	3-Methyladenine	Increased apoptosis	Liu et al., 2013
Oxaliplatin	Human colon cancer cell lines and xenograft	Chloroquine	Increased cytotoxicity and tumor control	Selvakumaran et al., 2013
Paclitaxel	Human NSLC cell line (A549)	3-Methyladenine	Increased apoptosis	Liu et al., 2013
Etoposide	Human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2)	3-Methyladenine	Increased cytotoxicity	Xie et al., 2011
Doxorubicin	Human multiple myeloma cell lines, patient-derived multiple myeloma cells, human plasmacytoma xenograft	Hydroxychloroquine	Increased apoptosis	Pan et al., 2011
		3-Methyladenine
Epirubicin	Human breast cancer cell line (MCF7)	Bafilomycin A	Increased apoptosis	Sun et al., 2011
Melphalan	Human multiple myeloma cell lines, patient-derived multiple myeloma cells, human plasmacytoma xenograft	Hydroxychloroquine	Increased apoptosis	Pan et al., 2011
		3-Methyladenine
Topotecan	Human NSLC cell line (A549)	Chloroquine	Increased cytotoxicity	Wang et al., 2011
Camptothecin	Human breast cancer cell lines	Wortmannin	Increased apoptosis in selective cell lines	Abedin et al., 2007
		3-Methlyadenine
		Bafilomycin A