Jacklin et al. (64) |
84 males; 78 females |
6, 9, 12, and 18 months |
Androstenedione; testosterone; estrone; estradiol; progesterone |
RIA |
Timidity |
Males: significant negative relationship with testosterone and progesterone, positive relationship with estradiol |
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Females: no significant relationship |
Jacklin et al. (65) |
127 children; |
Birth, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 33 months |
Androstenedione; testosterone; estrone; estradiol; progesterone |
RIA |
Muscular strength |
Males: significant negative relationship with androstenedione, significant positive relationship with progesterone |
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Females: significant negative relationship with androstenedione and progesterone |
Jacklin et al. (66) |
53 males; 43 females |
6 years |
Androstenedione; testosterone; estrone; estradiol; progesterone |
RIA |
Reading; Numeracy; Listening; Spatial ability |
Males: no significant relationship |
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Females: significant inverse relationship between testosterone and androstenedione and spatial ability |
Hollier et al. (67) |
224 males; 199 females |
2 years |
Testosterone |
LC–MS |
Vocabulary |
Males: significant inverse relationship |
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Females: no significant relationship |
Whitehouse et al. (68) |
372 males; 395 females |
1–3 years |
Testosterone |
LC–MS |
Language delay |
Males: significant inverse relationship |
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Females: no significant relationship |
Farrant et al. (69) |
235 males; 232 females |
1 and 5 years |
Testosterone |
LC–MS |
Socio-emotional engagement; Vocabulary; |
Males: no significant relationship after control for covariates |
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Females: no significant relationship |
Whitehouse et al. (70) |
184 males; 190 females |
19–20 years |
Testosterone |
LC–MS |
Autism Quotient |
Males: no significant relationship |
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Females: no significant relationship |
Robinson et al. (71) |
429 males; 430 females |
2, 5, 8, and 10 years |
Testosterone |
LC–MS |
Child Behavior Checklist |
Males: negative relationship between testosterone and attention problems at ages 5, 8, and 10 years |
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Females: negative association between testosterone and withdrawal symptoms at age 5 |