Table 1.
Summary of the studies examining the relationship between cord hormone concentrations and human development.
| Study | Number of participants | Age of participants | Measures |
Findings | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hormones | Assay technique | Outcome measure | ||||
| Jacklin et al. (64) | 84 males; 78 females | 6, 9, 12, and 18 months | Androstenedione; testosterone; estrone; estradiol; progesterone | RIA | Timidity | Males: significant negative relationship with testosterone and progesterone, positive relationship with estradiol |
| Females: no significant relationship | ||||||
| Jacklin et al. (65) | 127 children; | Birth, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 33 months | Androstenedione; testosterone; estrone; estradiol; progesterone | RIA | Muscular strength | Males: significant negative relationship with androstenedione, significant positive relationship with progesterone |
| Females: significant negative relationship with androstenedione and progesterone | ||||||
| Jacklin et al. (66) | 53 males; 43 females | 6 years | Androstenedione; testosterone; estrone; estradiol; progesterone | RIA | Reading; Numeracy; Listening; Spatial ability | Males: no significant relationship |
| Females: significant inverse relationship between testosterone and androstenedione and spatial ability | ||||||
| Hollier et al. (67) | 224 males; 199 females | 2 years | Testosterone | LC–MS | Vocabulary | Males: significant inverse relationship |
| Females: no significant relationship | ||||||
| Whitehouse et al. (68) | 372 males; 395 females | 1–3 years | Testosterone | LC–MS | Language delay | Males: significant inverse relationship |
| Females: no significant relationship | ||||||
| Farrant et al. (69) | 235 males; 232 females | 1 and 5 years | Testosterone | LC–MS | Socio-emotional engagement; Vocabulary; | Males: no significant relationship after control for covariates |
| Females: no significant relationship | ||||||
| Whitehouse et al. (70) | 184 males; 190 females | 19–20 years | Testosterone | LC–MS | Autism Quotient | Males: no significant relationship |
| Females: no significant relationship | ||||||
| Robinson et al. (71) | 429 males; 430 females | 2, 5, 8, and 10 years | Testosterone | LC–MS | Child Behavior Checklist | Males: negative relationship between testosterone and attention problems at ages 5, 8, and 10 years |
| Females: negative association between testosterone and withdrawal symptoms at age 5 | ||||||