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. 2014 Apr 22;6(4):1837–1860. doi: 10.3390/v6041837

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© 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Model of pre-integration and post-integration latency in HIV-1 infected monocytes/macrophages. Pre-integration latency is governed by interplay of host restriction factors including APOBEC3, SAMHD1 and MX2. Such form of latency is more relevant in the cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage. On the other hand, post-integration latency is manifested by several mechanisms that include chromatin remodeling, epigenetic mechanisms and host-encoded miRNAs. Furthermore, Tat mediated reactivation has been also shown. PIC: Pre-Integration Complex.