Table 1.
Descriptive statistics [mean ± SD or n (%)] for demographics and covariates in the final sample (n = 153).
| Variable | Both sexes (n = 153) | Males (n = 77) | Females (n = 76) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Study center | |||
| California | 9 (5.9) | 5 (6.5) | 4 (5.3) |
| Minnesota | 57 (37.3) | 31 (40.3) | 26 (34.2) |
| Missouri | 48 (31.4) | 22 (28.6) | 26 (34.2) |
| Iowa | 39 (25.5) | 19 (24.7) | 20 (26.3) |
| Mother’s race/ethnicity | |||
| Hispanic/Latina | 4 (2.6) | 1 (1.3) | 3 (3.9) |
| Non-Hispanic white | 141 (92.2) | 72 (93.5) | 69 (90.8) |
| Black | 5 (3.3) | 3 (3.9) | 2 (2.6) |
| Asian | 3 (2.0) | 1 (1.3) | 2 (2.6) |
| Child age (months) | 102.0 ± 12.0 | 101.8 ± 12.1 | 102.3 ± 12.0 |
| Mother’s education | |||
| < College | 23 (15.0) | 9 (11.7) | 14 (18.4) |
| ≥ College | 130 (85.0) | 68 (88.3) | 62 (81.6) |
| Mother’s age at enrollment (years) | 31.1 ± 4.9 | 31.1 ± 4.8 | 31.1 ± 5.1 |
| Family stress during pregnancy | 1.4 ± 1.7 | 1.4 ± 1.7 | 1.4 ± 1.7 |