Table 3.
Characteristics and cardiovascular risk factors of migraine patients and controls (n=59)
| Characteristics | Normal weight controls (n=15) | Normal weight migraineurs (n=15) | Obese controls (n=14) | Obese migraineurs (n=15) | p-value# |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) |
34.0±10.6 |
34.1±10.6 |
39.4±9.5 |
40.4±9.5 |
0.178 |
| BMI (kg/m2) |
22.2±1.7a |
22.8±1.8a |
34.7±4.6b |
33.3±3.0b |
< 0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) |
70.0±6.2a |
73.2±6.6a |
94.5±9.3b |
97.0±6.7b |
< 0.001 |
|
<80 |
14 (93.3)* |
13 (86.7)* |
2 (14.3) |
0 |
< 0.001 |
|
≥80 to 87 |
1 (6.7) |
2 (13.3) |
2 (14.3) |
3 (20.0) |
|
|
≥88 |
0 |
0 |
10 (71.4)* |
12 (80.0)* |
|
| Phase angle (°) |
6.5±0.5 |
6.5±0.8 |
6.6±0.8 |
6.8±0.7 |
0.669 |
| Body fat (%) |
25.7±3.0a |
27.7±4.0a |
38.4±3.3b |
37.2±3.7b |
< 0.001 |
| Body mass, lean (%) |
74.2±3.0a |
72.2±4.0a |
61.5±3.3b |
62.7±3.7b |
< 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) |
192.0±34.9 |
185.6±27.2 |
188.0±32.1 |
185.6±30.9 |
0.937 |
| HDL-c (mg/dL) |
54.9±11.9a |
54.8±13.3a |
46.7±14.0a.b |
42.5±11.5b |
0.022 |
| LDL-c (mg/dL) |
115.0±27.1 |
112.9±20.3 |
111.2±32.9 |
112.9±24.0 |
0.985 |
| LDL-c, oxidized (U/L) |
75.7±21.0 |
67.8±22.5 |
69.3±18.9 |
86.6±8.9 |
0.069 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) |
81.0 (60.0-123.0) |
79.0 (57.0-120.0) |
141.0 (86.2-194.7) |
103.0 (79.0-223.0) |
0.333 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) |
81.0 (78.0-87.0) |
82.0 (78.0-86.0) |
86.0 (80.0-103.7) |
89.0 (81.0-96.0) |
0.086 |
| Insulin, serum (μUI/mL) |
7.8 (6.4-12.8)a |
5.7 (4.6-10.1)a |
17.7 (13.5-17.7)b |
14.6 (11.8-22.2)b |
< 0.001 |
| HOMA-IR |
1.5 (1.3-2.6)a |
1.2 (0.9-2.0)a |
3.6 (2.7-5.0)b |
3.2 (2.2-4.3)b |
< 0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) |
112.5 (102.5-120.0)a.b |
115.0 (110.0-120.0)a |
120.0 (118.7-126.2)a.b |
122.5 (110.0-130.0)b |
0.013 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) |
70.0 (70.0-70.0)a.b |
72.5 (70.0-87.5)a |
80.0 (80.0-85.0)b |
80.0 (70.0-90.0)b |
0.003 |
| CRP (mg/L) |
4.0 (4.0-4.0) |
4.0 (4.0-4.0) |
10.0 (4.0-12.4) |
4.0 (4.0-18.1) |
0.057 |
| Framingham risk score |
|
|
|
|
|
|
≤0.6 |
7 (46.7)* |
6 (40.0) |
1 (7.1) |
1 (6.7) |
0.015 |
|
>0.6 |
8 (53.3) |
9 (60.0) |
13 (92.9) |
14 (93.3)* |
|
| Cardiovascular disease in 1st degree relative |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yes |
5 (33.3) |
5 (33.3) |
6 (42.8) |
1 (6.7) |
0.156 |
|
No |
10 (66.7) |
10 (66.7) |
8 (57.1) |
14 (93.3) |
|
| Smoking status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Current |
1 (6.7) |
2 (13.3) |
3 (21.4) |
1 (6.7) |
0.685 |
|
Past |
3 (20.0) |
4 (26.7) |
4 (28.6) |
2 (13.3) |
|
|
Never |
11 (73.3) |
9 (60.0) |
7 (50.0) |
12 (80.0) |
|
| Physical activity (IPAQ) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sedentary |
9 (60.0) |
15 (100.0) |
14 (100.0) |
15 (100.0) |
< 0.001 |
|
Active |
6 (40.0)* |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
| Depression (BDI) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Absence |
15 (100.0)* |
6 (40.0) |
9 (64.3) |
7 (46.7) |
0.012 |
|
Mild/moderate |
0 |
8 (53.4)* |
4 (28.6) |
5 (33.3) |
|
|
Severe |
0 |
1 (6.6) |
1 (7.1) |
3 (20.0)* |
|
| Sleep duration (h) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
≤ 5 |
0 |
5 (33.3) |
3 (21.4) |
5 (33.4) |
0.092 |
|
6 to 8 |
14 (93.3) |
10 (66.7) |
9 (64.3) |
7 (46.6) |
|
|
> 8 |
1 (6.7) |
0 |
2 (14.3) |
3 (20.0) |
|
| Sleep quality (PSQI) |
6.2±2.7a.b |
7.2±3.5a.b |
5.0±3.8a |
9.6±5.0b |
0.017 |
|
Good |
6 (40.0) |
5 (33.3) |
9 (64.3) |
4 (26.7) |
0.188 |
| Poor | 9 (60.0) | 10 (66.7) | 5 (35.7) | 11 (73.3) |
BDI Beck Depression Inventory, BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, CRP C-reactive protein, HDL-c high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HOMA-IR Insulin Resistance Homeostasis Model Assessment, IPAQ International Physical Activity Questionnaire, LDL-c low density lipoprotein cholesterol, PSQI Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, WC waist circumference; Framingham score – General cardiovascular disease (10-year risk) [25]. Lowest quartile used as reference category (≤0.6%).
Continuous variables expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median and interquartile range, and categorical variables, as n (%).
#p-value represents comparison among four groups with one-way ANOVA or Kruskal–Wallis test. Bold type denotes significant values (p≤0.05).
Different superscript letters represent averages/medians significantly different between groups.
*(asterisk) indicates the association found.