Table 3. Association between habitual indulgence (coffee, tea, alcohol and smoking) and metabolic syndrome by International Diabetes Federation definition.
| MetS | Never | Occasionally | Frequent | P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||
| Coffee consumption | |||||
| Men | No | 26 (89.7) | 43 (72.9) | 24 (72.7) | 0.173 |
| Yes | 3 (10.3) | 16 (27.1) | 9 (27.3) | ||
| Women | No | 60 (96.8) | 134 (90.5) | 108 (90.0) | 0.254 |
| Yes | 2 (3.2) | 14 (9.5) | 12 (10.0) | ||
| Total | No | 86 (94.5) | 177 (85.5) | 132 (86.3) | 0.079 |
| Yes | 5 (5.5) | 30 (14.5) | 21 (13.7) | ||
| Tea consumption | |||||
| Men | No | 18 (94.7) | 43 (79.6) | 34 (63.0) | <0.05 |
| Yes | 1 (5.3) | 11 (20.4) | 20 (37.0)N | ||
| Women | No | 54 (98.2) | 127 (89.4) | 114 (92.7) | 0.118 |
| Yes | 1 (1.8) | 15 (10.6) | 9 (7.3) | ||
| Total | No | 72 (97.3) | 170 (86.7) | 148 (83.6) | <0.05 |
| Yes | 2 (2.7)OF | 26 (13.3) | 29 (16.4) | ||
| Never | Quit | Current | |||
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||
| Alcohol consumption | |||||
| Men | No | 88 (77.2) | 4 (57.1) | 17 (68.0) | 0.717 |
| Yes | 26 (22.8) | 3 (42.9) | 8 (32.0) | ||
| Women | No | 314 (92.4) | 3 (100.0) | 20 (90.9) | 0.855 |
| Yes | 26 (7.6) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (9.1) | ||
| Total | No | 402 (88.5) | 7 (70.0) | 37 (78.7) | <0.05 |
| Yes | 52 (11.5) | 3 (30.0) | 10 (21.3) | ||
| Cigarette smoking | |||||
| Men | No | 81 (78.6) | 11 (64.7) | 16 (64.0) | 0.198 |
| Yes | 22 (21.4) | 6 (35.3) | 9 (36.0) | ||
| Women | No | 334 (92.3) | 0 | 1 (100.0) | 1.000 |
| Yes | 28 (7.7) | 0 | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Total | No | 415 (89.2) | 11 (64.7) | 17 (65.4) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 50 (10.8)QC | 6 (35.3) | 9 (34.6) | ||
Never, never happening during a subject’s lifetime; Occasionally, happening approximately 1–2 times per week; Frequent, happening 5–6 times per week; Quit, not drinking or smoking for at least 6 months; Currently drinking or smoking, drinking at least 150 cc per time per week for at least 6 months or smoking at least one cigarette per day.
The P‐values were determined using the χ2‐test, Fisher’s exact test. NP < 0.05 for frequent drinking tea versus never drinking tea; OFP < 0.05 for never drinking tea versus all other groups; QCP < 0.05 for never smokers versus all other groups. P < 0.001, P < 0.01, P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.