Figure 1.

 Basal insulin infusion rate in type 1 diabetics with complete lack of endogenous insulin. C‐peptide‐negative patients with type 1 diabetes (n = 5) were treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) with a pre‐programmable insulin pump. The infusion rate of basal insulin at night was adjusted to achieve target glycemic control with near‐normal glycemia at bedtime and before breakfast, and no hypoglycemia (<70 mg/dL) at 3:00 am. Very dynamic changes in basal insulin infusion rate were required. To avoid nocturnal hypoglycemia, a decrease in infusion rate to a level as low as 1/5 the daytime infusion rate was required, whereas an increase to as great as four times the daytime infusion rate was required to overcome the ‘dawn phenomenon’.