Table 2. Relationships between the glutathione peroxidase 1 gene polymorphism and subtype of diabetic neuropathy, painful leg cramp, macrovascular disease evaluated by multiple logistic regression analysis.
| Independent variables | Model 1 dependent variables | Model 2 dependent variables | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subtypes of diabetic neuropathy | Painful leg cramp | History of MVD | Subtypes of diabetic neuropathy | Painful leg cramp | History of MVD | |||
| DSPN | DAN | DSPN | DAN | |||||
| R 2 (P‐value) | R 2 = 0.122 (P = 0.0003) | R 2 = 0.137 (P < 0.0001) | R 2 = 0.086 (P = 0.0217) | R 2 = 0.209 (P = 0.0031 | R 2 = 0.210 (P < 0.0001) | R 2 = 0.530 (P < 0.0001) | R 2 = 0.102 (P = 0.0202) | R 2 = 0.215 (P = 0.0078) |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) P‐value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) P‐value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) P‐value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) P‐value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) P‐value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) P‐value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) P‐value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) P‐value | |
| Age (years) | 1.010 (0.976–1.044) 0.5783 | 1.039 (1.003–1.076) 0.0345 | 0.998 (0.963–1.034) 0.9125 | 1.118 (1.022–1.224) 0.0152 | 1.010 (0.974–1.047) 0.5809 | 1.001 (0.934–1.072) 0.9806 | 0.977 (0.961–1.033) 0.8620 | 1.122 (1.023–1.231) 0.0151 |
| Sex (female: 0, male: 1) | 1.054 (0.534–2.077) 0.8800 | 1.098 (0.552–2.186) 0.7892 | 0.561 (0.273–1.152) 0.1154 | 7.212 (1.609–32.334) 0.0098 | 1.099 (0.518–2.329) 0.8059 | 1.883 (0.458–7.743) 0.3803 | 0.488 (0.229–1.037) 0.0621 | 6.342 (1.375–29.265) 0.0179 |
| Duration (years) (≥5: 0. 6–15: 1, 16≤: 2) | 1.997 (1.252–3.188) 0.0037 | 2.003 (1.254–3.200) 0.0037 | 0.981 (0.598–1.609) 0.9395 | 1.123 (0.518–2.434) 0.7684 | 1.343 (0.795–2.270) 0.2706 | 0.978 (0.409–2.336) 0.9596 | 1.133 (0.650–1.976) 0.6587 | 1.031 (0.255–2.335) 0.9413 |
| Hypertension (no: 0, yes: 1) | 2.477 (1.199–5.119) 0.0143 | 1.823 (0.881–3.776) 0.1057 | 0.774 (0.361–1.660) 0.5104 | 1.590 (0.510–4.961) 0.4244 | 2.117 (0.958–4.679) 0.0637 | 2.595 (0.706–9.535) 0.1508 | 0.753 (0.339–1.674) 0.4864 | 1.395 (0.429–4.543) 0.5801 |
| Dyslipidemia (no: 0, yes: 1) | 0.412 (0.205–0.830) 0.0130 | 0.463 (0.231–0.931) 0.0308 | 0.573 (0.274–1.197) 0.1384 | 0.801 (0.254–2.524) 0.7050 | 0.465 (0.218–0.989) 0.0467 | 0.842 (0.212–3.344) 0.8070 | 0.510 (0.239–1.088) 0.0816 | 0.741 (0.229–2.393) 0.6160 |
| Glycemic control (∼fair: 0, poor: 1) | 1.383 (0.699–2.736) 0.3513 | 1.664 (0.828–3.344) 0.1526 | 1.572 (0.756–3.269) 0.2261 | 0.791 (0.261–3.270) 0.1745 | 1.728 (0.821–3.638) 0.1496 | 9.232 (1.991–43.945) 0.0046 | 1.410 (0.669–2.971) 0.3663 | 0.728 (0.234–2.265) 0.5832 |
| BMI (kg/m2) (>22: 0. 22–25: 1, 25<: 2) | 0.845 (0.552–1.294) 0.4387 | 0.572 (0.369–0.885) 0.0122 | 0.980 (0.626–1.535) 0.9301 | 1.624 (0.807–3.270) 0.1745 | 0.863 (0.547–1.363) 0.5285 | 0.158 (0.055–0.456) 0.0006 | 0.985 (0.627–1.549) 0.9486 | 1.606 (0.797–3.236) 0.3330 |
| GPx‐1 genotype (Pro/Pro : 0, Pro/Leu :1) | 3.390 (1.252–9.181) 0.0163 | 0.891 (0.338–2.351) 0.8157 | 4.333 (1.718–10.929) 0.0019 | 3.886 (1.078–14.009) 0.0380 | 3.303 (1.175–9.285) 0.0234 | 0.340 (0.045–2.571) 0.2957 | 4.653 (1.813–11.943) 0.0014 | 3.782 (1.044–13.703) 0.0428 |
| Proteinuria (no: 0, intermittent: 1, persistent: 2) | 0.694 (0.399–1.205) 0.1941 | 0.664 (0.302–1.459) 0.3078 | 1.545 (0.879–2.714) 0.1303 | 1.350 (0.621–2.936) 0.4494 | ||||
| Retinopathy (no: 0, simple: 1, PPDR∼: 2) | 2.919 (1.764–4.831) <0.0001 | 39.232 (5.792–265.745) 0.0002 | 0.659 (0.388–1.119) 0.1228 | 1.009 (0.491–2.076) 0.9802 | ||||
BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; DAN, diabetic autonomic neuropathy; DSPN, distal symmetric polyneuropathy; GPx‐1, glutathione peroxidase 1 gene; MVD, macrovascular disease, OR, odds ratio; PPDR, preproliferative diabetic retinopathy; R2, decision coefficient. Statistically significant P‐value was shown by boldfaced type.