Table 4. Relationships between glutathione peroxidase 1 gene polymorphism and subtype of diabetic neuropathy, painful leg cramp and quantitative neurological functions evaluated by multiple logistic regression and multiple regression analysis.
| Independent variables | Model 3 dependent variables | Model 3 dependent variables | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subtypes of diabetic neuropathy | Painful leg cramp | Vibration | Autonomic functions | Nerve conduction parameters | ||||||
| DSPN | DAN | QVP | CVR–R | ΔBP | MCV | CMAP | SCV | SNAP | ||
| R 2 (P‐value) | R 2 = 0.210 (P < 0.0001) | R 2 = 0.530 (P < 0.0001) | R 2 = 0.103 (P = 0.0289) | R 2 = 0.320 (P < 0.0001) | R 2 = 0.303 (P < 0.0001) | R 2 = 0.266 (P < 0.0001) | R 2 = 0.254 (P < 0.0001) | R 2 = 0.093 (P = 0.1411) | R 2 = 0.189 (P = 0.0006) | R 2 = 0.419 (P < 0.0001) |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) P‐value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) P‐value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) P‐value | β (P‐value) | β (P‐value) | β (P‐value) | β (P‐value) | β (P‐value) | β (P‐value) | β (P‐value) | |
| Age (years) | 1.010 (0.974–1.048) 0.5938 | 1.002 (0.933–1.076) 0.9619 | 0.995 (0.959–1.032) 0.7785 | 0.292 (0.0001) | −0.278 (0.0003) | 0.091 (0.2337) | −0.135 (0.0833) | – | −0.096 (0.2446) | −0.342 (<0.0001) |
| Sex (female: 0, male: 1) | 1.095 (0.514–2.335) 0.8136 | 1.904 (0.455–7.969) 0.3781 | 0.468 (0.217–1.010) 0.0529 | 0.076 (0.2664) | 0.090 (0.2177) | 0.051 (0.4859) | −0.095 (0.2033) | – | −0.039 (0.6258) | −0.168 (0.0122) |
| Duration (years) (≥5: 0. 6–15: 1, 16≤: 2) | 1.343 (0.794–2.269) 0.2713 | 0.976 (0.408–2.336) 0.9567 | 1.139 (0.652–1.989) 0.6473 | −0.062 (0.4217) | −0.118 (0.1386) | 0.014 (0.8577) | 0.100 (0.2203) | – | 0.083 (0.3434) | −0.089 (0.2237) |
| Hypertension (no: 0, yes: 1) | 2.115 (0.956–4.677) 0.0644 | 2.598 (0.708–9.531) 0.1499 | 0.742 (0.333–1.654) 0.4650 | 0.058 (0.4217) | 0.108 (0.1472) | 0.123 (0.1046) | 0.044 (0.5625) | – | −0.105 (0.1978) | 0.003 (0.9595) |
| Dyslipidemia (no: 0, yes: 1) | 0.466 (0.218–0.996) 0.0486 | 0.833 (0.206–3.370) 0.7979 | 0.516 (0.241–1.102) 0.0875 | −0.017 (0.8013) | −0.003 (0.9711) | −0.091 (0.2092) | 0.001 (0.9866) | – | −0.007 (0.9303) | 0.068 (0.2982) |
| Glycemic control (∼fair: 0, poor: 1) | 1.731 (0.821–3.650) 0.1494 | 9.470 (1.968–45.577) 0.0050 | 1.412 (0.672–2.985) 0.3600 | 0.025 (0.7139) | −0.125 (0.0725) | 0.122 (0.0823) | −0.195 (0.0066) | – | −0.239 (0.0019) | −0.100 (0.1148) |
| BMI (kg/m2) (>22: 0. 22–25: 1, 25<: 2) | 0.862 (0.545–1.364) 0.5263 | 0.159 (0.055–0.457) 0.0007 | 0.978 (0.621–1.540) 0.9235 | −0.061 (0.3870) | 0.072 (0.3212) | −0.196 (0.0082) | 0.162 (0.0308) | – | 0.135 (0.0894) | −0.093 (0.1569) |
| GPx‐1 genotype (Pro/Pro: 0, Pro/Leu: 1) | 3.286 (1.156–9.346) 0.0257 | 0.352 (0.042–2.965) 0.3366 | 4.469 (1.725–11.578) 0.0021 | 0.157 (0.0194) | 0.064 (0.3454) | −0.126 (0.0696) | 0.058 (0.4070) | – | −0.025 (0.7420) | −0.023 (0.7082) |
| Proteinuria (no: 0, intermittent: 1, persistent: 2) | 0.692 (0.379–1.207) 0.1948 | 0.670 (0.299–1.503) 0.3314 | 1.529 (0.869–2.691) 0.1408 | −0.090 (0.2624) | −0.030 (0.7158) | 0.030 (0.7192) | −0.182 (0.0322) | – | −0.081 (0.3672) | −0.003 (0.9682) |
| Retinopathy (no: 0, simple: 1, PPDR∼: 2) | 2.921 (1.764–4.835) <0.0001 | 38.537 (5.553–267.423) 0.0002 | 0.655 (0.384–1.115) 0.1187 | 0.455 (<0.0001) | −0.307 (0.0006) | 0.380 (<0.0001) | −0.320 (0.0004) | – | −0.293 (0.0020) | −0.409 (<0.0001) |
| History of MVD (no: 0, yes: 1) | 1.042 (0.279–3.653) 0.9491 | 0.890 (0.82–9.632) 0.9235 | 1.438 (0.421–4.909) 0.5621 | −0.018 (0.7950) | −0.128 (0.0736) | −0.018 (0.3834) | 0.012 (0.8722) | – | 0.086 (0.2765) | 0.0181 (0.7868) |
The significant regression formula on compound muscle action potential (CMAP) were not obtained in model 3. β, Standard regression coefficient; BMI, body mass index; ΔBP, orthostasis‐induced decreases in systolic blood pressure at standing; CI, confidence interval; CVR‐R, coefficient of variation of RR intervals on electrocardiogram after 15 min resting; DAN, diabetic autonomic neuropathy; DSPN, distal symmetric polyneuropathy; MCV, motor nerve conduction velocity; MVD, macrovascular disease, OR, odds ratio; PPDR, preproliferative diabetic retinopathy; QVP, quantitative vibratory perception thresholds; R2, decision coefficient; SCV, sensory nerve conduction velocity; SNAP, sensory nerve action potential. Statistically significant P‐value was shown by boldfaced type.