Table 1. Baseline and 5‐year follow‐up characteristics of the study subjects.
| Clinical characteristics | Included* (n = 900) | Excluded (n = 886) | P‐value | Non‐overweight† and obesity subjects at baseline examinations (n = 382) | P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Returned to follow‐up visit (n = 198) | Lost to follow‐up visit (n = 184) | |||||
| Mean ± standard deviation | Mean ± standard deviation | |||||
| Age (years) | 58.5 ± 11.7 | 63.4 ± 12.2 | <0.001 | 56.1 ± 11.1 | 59.6 ± 13.4 | 0.006 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 126.3 ± 16.9 | 128.8 ± 16.9 | <0.001 | 120.4 ± 15.5 | 123.9 ± 16.7 | 0.024 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 75.6 ± 10.1 | 76.2 ± 9.9 | 0.246 | 72.2 ± 9.5 | 73.2 ± 10.4 | 0.289 |
| Height (cm) | 156.1 ± 8.7 | 153.6 ± 10.9 | <0.001 | 156.3 ± 8.4 | 155.5 ± 8.3 | 0.415 |
| Bodyweight (kg) | 58.5 ± 10.6 | 56.0 ± 10.6 | <0.001 | 51.5 ± 6.9 | 50.4 ± 7.0 | 0.12 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.9 ± 3.4 | 23.6 ± 3.6 | 0.028 | 21.0 ± 1.6 | 20.7 ± 1.7 | 0.255 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 79.0 ± 9.5 | 77.5 ± 9.3 | 0.001 | 72.0 ± 6.5 | 72.6 ± 7.6 | 0.587 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 92.9 ± 6.5 | 91.4 ± 6.2 | <0.001 | 88.4 ± 4.3 | 88.2 ± 4.8 | 0.608 |
| Waist‐to‐hip ratio | 0.85 ± 0.07 | 0.85 ± 0.07 | 0.429 | 0.81 ± 0.59 | 0.82 ± 0.06 | 0.294 |
| Body fat percentage (%) | 25.4 ± 7.2 | 25.0 ± 8.1 | 0.212 | 21.3 ± 5.0 | 20.3 ± 5.3 | 0.199 |
| Serum total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 201.0 ± 33.0 | 202.3 ± 34.4 | 0.404 | 198.2 ± 34.3 | 194.0 ± 32.2 | 0.282 |
| High‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) | 58.6 ± 14.3 | 58.3 ± 14.8 | 0.65 | 62.9 ± 13.6 | 63.7 ± 13.8 | 0.413 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 117.0 ± 133.8 | 121.2 ± 115.4 | 0.47 | 96.4 ± 64.2 | 90.7 ± 45.4 | 0.814 |
| Median (interquartile range) | Median (interquartile range) | |||||
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 92 (87, 101) | 94 (88, 101) | 0.009 | 89 (85, 94) | 91 (86, 98) | 0.009 |
| n (%) | n (%) | |||||
| Males | 388 (43.1) | 397 (44.8) | 0.47 | 77 (38.9) | 80 (43.5) | 0.265 |
| Current smoker | 167 (18.8) | 148 (16.9) | 0.029 | 37 (18.8) | 46 (25.7) | 0.444 |
| Past smoker | 135 (15.2) | 102 (11.6) | 28 (14.2) | 22 (12.3) | ||
| Never smoked | 586 (66.0) | 627 (71.5) | 132 (67.0) | 111 (62.0) | ||
*Data of body mass index and retinal vessel diameters were available. †Overweight was defined as a body mass index ≥ 23 kg/m2 but <25 kg/m2.