Table 1.
Comparison of characteristics of women who delayed pushing and women who pushed immediately
| Characteristic | Delayed Pushing* (n=471) | Immediate Pushing* (n=4918) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p | Adjusted Odds Ratio (97% CI) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | ||||||
| 18–34 years | 374 (79.4) | 4051 (84.1) | ref | |||
| < 18 years | 66 (14.0) | 427 (8.9) | 1.67 (1.25–2.23) | <0.01 | 0.99 (0.72–1.36) | 0.93 |
| >34 years | 31 (6.6) | 341 (7.1) | 0.98 (0.65–1.45) | 0.94 | ||
| Body mass index | ||||||
| BMI ≤ 25.0 | 49 (10.7) | 717 (15.4) | ref | |||
| BMI 25.1–29.9 | 156 (33.9) | 1443 (31.0) | 1.58 (1.12–2.26) | 0.01 | 1.55 (1.09–2.19) | 0.01 |
| BMI >30.0 | 255 (55.4) | 2490 (53.6) | 1.50 (1.09–2.10) | 0.01 | 1.48 (1.06–2.09) | 0.02 |
| Parity | ||||||
| Multiparous | 183 (38.9) | 3135 (65.0) | ref | |||
| Nulliparous | 288 (61.1) | 1684 (35.0) | 2.93 (2.40–3.58) | <0.01 | 2.85 (2.29–3.56) | <0.01 |
| Gestational age | ||||||
| 37–38 6/7 wks | 135 (28.8) | 1677 (35.0) | ref | |||
| 39–40 6/7 wks | 287 (61.2) | 2692 (56.2) | 1.32 (1.07–1.65) | 0.01 | 1.10 (0.90–1.35) | 0.36 |
| ≥41 wks | 47 (10.0) | 424 (8.8) | 1.38 (0.95–1.97) | 0.07 | ||
| Estimated fetal weight | ||||||
| Median (gm) (Interquartile range) | 3340 (3200–3600) | 3400 (3195–3600) | NA | 0.09 | ||
| ≤4000 gm | 377 (80.0) | 3722 977.2) | ref | |||
| >4000 gm | 94 (20.0) | 1097 (22.8) | 0.85 (0.66–1.07) | 0.16 | ||
| Prior cesarean | ||||||
| No | 445 (94.5) | 4506 (93.5) | ref | |||
| Yes | 26 (5.5) | 313 (6.5) | 0.84 (0.53–1.27) | 0.41 | ||
| Insurance status | ||||||
| Non-Private | 406 (86.2) | 4214 (87.5) | ref | |||
| Private | 65 (13.8) | 605 (12.5) | 1.12 (0.83–1.47) | 0.44 | ||
| Race | ||||||
| Non-Black | 156 (33.1) | 1281 (26.6) | ref | |||
| Black | 315 (66.9) | 3538 (73.4) | 0.73 (0.59–0.90) | <0.01 | 0.75 (0.60–0.93) | 0.01 |
| Diabetes | ||||||
| No | 452 (96.0) | 4644 (96.4) | ref | |||
| Yes | 19 (4.0) | 175 (3.6) | 1.12 (0.65–1.82) | 0.66 | ||
| Preeclampsia | ||||||
| No | 432 (91.7) | 4514 (93.7) | ref | |||
| Yes | 39 (8.3) | 305 (6.3) | 1.34 (0.92–1.90) | 0.06 |
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval;
*
n (%)