Table 2.
Bivariable and Mutivariable Associations Between Attitudes, Normative Beliefs, Knowledge, and Initiation of Hookah Tobacco Smoking
| Attitude, subjective norm, and knowledge item | Hookah tobacco smoking initiationa (n = 365)b | |
|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI)c | AOR (95% CI)c | |
| Positive attitudes | ||
| Hookah seems attractive | 2.45 (1.74–3.44) | 3.12 (2.08–4.65) |
| Hookah seems romantic | 2.17 (1.48–3.20) | 2.65 (1.69–4.15) |
| Hookah seems fun | 2.22 (1.70–2.90) | 2.27 (1.71–3.00) |
| Hookah seems relaxing | 1.88 (1.37–2.59) | 1.93 (1.38–2.71) |
| Overall positive attitude | 3.60 (2.35–5.51) | 4.12 (2.56–6.59) |
| Negative attitudes | ||
| Hookah seems harmful | 0.81 (0.66–1.01) | 0.77 (0.61–0.97) |
| Hookah seems addicting | 0.57 (0.45–0.73) | 0.55 (0.42–0.71) |
| Overall negative attitude | 0.65 (0.52–0.83) | 0.62 (0.48–0.80) |
| Normative beliefsd | 2.04 (1.42–2.95) | 2.01 (1.35–2.99) |
| Knowledgee | ||
| Which has more tar? | ||
| Incorrect | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| Correct | 0.69 (0.29–1.66) | 0.62 (0.25–1.52) |
| Don’t know | 0.46 (0.20–1.04) | 0.35 (0.14–0.90) |
| Which has more nicotine? | ||
| Incorrect | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| Correct | 0.73 (0.29–1.84) | 0.68 (0.26–1.78) |
| Don’t know | 0.22 (0.07–0.63) | 0.12 (0.03–0.50) |
| Which has more carcinogens? | ||
| Incorrect | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| Correct | 0.63 (0.25–1.59) | 0.48 (0.18–1.34) |
| Don’t know | 0.31 (0.13–0.73) | 0.28 (0.11–0.70) |
| Which has more carbon monoxide? | ||
| Incorrect | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| Correct | 0.84 (0.38–1.84) | 0.77 (0.34–1.74) |
| Don’t know | 0.73 (0.36–1.50) | 0.74 (0.35–1.56) |
| Which has more heavy metals? | ||
| Incorrect | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| Correct | 0.79 (0.36–1.73) | 0.76 (0.34–1.69) |
| Don’t know | 0.66 (0.32–1.35) | 0.58 (0.27–1.27) |
| Final scoref | 0.97 (0.78–1.22) | 0.94 (0.75–1.20) |
Note. aDefined as never having smoked tobacco from a hookah at baseline and having taken at least one puff at follow-up.
bOnly baseline hookah nonsmokers and those who had complete and consistent responses to survey item assessing ever hookah tobacco smoking were included in these analyses.
c AOR = adjusted odds ratio, adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, graduate student status, fraternity/sorority membership, and housing; CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio.
dNormative beliefs measured with item, “How socially acceptable is it?”
eCorrect answer is “hookah” for all items; incorrect answer (reference group) is “cigarettes.”
fThe final score was the number of items scored correct summed. Associated odds ratios represent the odds for each 1-point increase in the 5-point scale. Numbers in bold are statistically significant, whereas numbers in italics represent a summary scale.