Table 2.
Adjusted Associations Between Residence in States That Implemented Bans and Tobacco Cessation/Cigarettes per Day at Follow-up
| Model 1: Tobacco cessation, OR (95% CI) | Model 2: Wave 2 cigarettes per day, β (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | Men | Women | Men | |
| Ban | 1.08 (0.94, 1.22) | 0.98 (0.85, 1.12) | −0.52 (−1.16, 0.12) | −0.82 (−1.45, −0.19)* |
| Alcohol use disordera | 0.78 (0.68, 0.90)** | 0.88 (0.77, 0.99)* | −0.58 (−1.03, −0.12)* | −1.15 (−1.80, −0.51)** |
| Anxiety disordera | 1.34 (1.18, 1.53)*** | 0.66 (0.52, 0.83)** | 0.60 (0.10, 1.10)* | −0.13 (−1.00, 0.74) |
| Mood disordera | 0.91 (0.76, 1.08) | 1.00 (0.76, 1.32) | −0.47 (−0.88, −0.06)* | −1.27 (−2.18, −0.35)** |
| Nicotine dependence (W1) | 0.88 (0.86, 0.90)*** | 0.90 (0.87, 0.93)*** | 0.35 (0.29, 0.42)*** | 0.46 (0.36, 0.56)*** |
| Cigarettes per day (W1) | 0.95 (0.94, 0.96)*** | 0.95 (0.93, 0.96)*** | 0.49 (0.46, 0.52)*** | 0.55 (0.42, 0.59)*** |
| Smokeless tobacco use (W1)b | — | 0.83 (0.65, 1.08) | — | — |
| Smokeless tobacco use (W2)b | — | — | — | −5.28 (−6.21, −4.35)*** |
| State cigarette excise tax (W1; 2002) | 0.98 (0.87, 1.10) | 1.10 (0.97, 1.24) | −0.37 (−0.83, 0.09) | −0.87 (−1.53, −0.21)* |
| Increases in state cigarette excise tax (W1–W2; 2002–2004) | 0.97 (0.85, 1.11) | 0.89 (0.72, 1.09) | 0.74 (−0.13, 1.62) | 0.35 (−0.39, 1.09) |
| Frequency of drinking in public (W1) | 1.04 (1.01, 1.06)** | 1.03 (1.00, 1.06)* | −0.20 (−0.29, −0.12)*** | −0.17 (−0.29, −0.06)** |
| Implementation of statewide work-site smoking ban | 0.86 (0.74, 1.00)* | 0.88 (0.78, 0.99)* | 0.35 (−0.18, 0.89) | 1.26 (0.63, 1.89)*** |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White/Caucasian, non-Hispanic | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Black/African American, non-Hispanic | 0.89 (0.78, 1.02) | 0.85 (0.73, 1.00)* | −2.67 (−3.01, −2.33)*** | −3.00 (−3.59, −2.41)*** |
| Other, non-Hispanic | 0.72 (1.52, 1.94)*** | 1.46 (1.21, 1.76)*** | −3.00 (−3.51, −2.49)*** | −3.67 (−4.25, −3.08)*** |
| Hispanic | 0.71 (0.55, 0.90)** | 1.54 (1.31, 1.82)*** | −2.34 (−3.30, −1.37)*** | −2.32 (−3.32, −1.32)*** |
| Income | 1.01 (0.96, 1.06) | 1.04 (0.97, 1.11) | 0.01 (−0.18, 0.20) | 0.04 (−0.16, 0.24) |
| Education | 1.11 (1.04, 1.17)** | 1.10 (1.03, 1.19)** | −0.54 (−0.72, −0.35)*** | −0.67 (−0.94, −0.39)*** |
| Age | 1.00 (0.99, 1.00) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) | 0.04 (0.02, 0.05)*** | 0.01 (−0.01, 0.03) |
Note. OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval. All estimates accounted for the Survey Design. Model 1 estimates were calculated using logistic regression; Model 2 estimates were calculated using linear regression.
aThe reference category for each psychiatric diagnosis was smokers with no lifetime diagnosis.
bSmokeless tobacco use was not included as a covariate when selecting for women due to insufficient numbers of users.
*p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.