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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Glia. 2014 Mar 21;62(6):999–1013. doi: 10.1002/glia.22657

Figure 6. The role of the LPS variant R-LPS in the induction of astrocyte cytokines.

Figure 6

(A, B) Mouse or human astrocytes were stimulated with indicated amounts of rough (R) LPS and their responses were compared with those to smooth (S) LPS (or “LPS”) by TNFα ELISA. The results show that human astrocytes respond to neither form of LPS. Mouse astrocytes responded to both R- and S-LPS, except that R-LPS had the potency of ~ one order of magnitude lower than S-LPS. (C) IL-8 ELISA was performed in human astrocyte samples to confirm that the lack of response to LPS was not limited to TNFα. (D, F) Mouse astrocytes treated as above were examined for IFNβ mRNA and protein expression by Q-PCR and ELISA. The results show that neither variants of LPS nor IL-1 induced IFNβ, while poly IC induced IFNβ. Data are representative of two independent experiments with similar results.