Figure 2.

Variation in concentration (per cm³ of sediment) of spores of coprophilous fungi over time at Pernettya, Psidium and East Bog. The timing of expansion of Sphagnum at each site, as well as possible drivers behind tortoise loss, is also illustrated. The first known human presence in the Galápagos archipelago occurs at AD 1535. The El Niño frequency curve for the Galápagos is modified from Conroy et. al. (2008) and is based on proxy records of % sand occurrence in lake sediments from El Junco lake, San Cristóbal Island; post-AD 1850 data have been excluded as a result of likely anthropogenic impact on the record (Conroy et al. ²⁰¹⁰).