Table 4. Physical and biochemical studies in diabetic patients in association with the progression of diabetic nephropathy.
| eGFR ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non‐ED patients | ED patients | P‐value | Non‐ED patients | ED patients | P‐value | |
| FMD (%) | 3.94 ± 0.37 | 2.82 ± 0.39 | 0.044 | 3.49 ± 0.55 | 2.82 ± 0.56 | 0.458 |
| NMD (%) | 14.2 ± 0.9 | 12.6 ± 1.0 | 0.235 | 12.7 ± 1.4 | 10.8 ± 2.0 | 0.431 |
| n | 42 | 33 | 16 | 9 | ||
| CPX | ||||||
| VO2 at AT (mL/kg/min) | 12.8 ± 0.5 | 11.5 ± 0.5 | 0.065 | 12.7 ± 1.5 | 10.2 ± 0.6 | 0.106 |
| Peak VO2 (mL/kg/min) | 21.6 ± 1.0 | 19.4 ± 1.1 | 0.159 | 20.7 ± 1.8 | 19.2 ± 1.3 | 0.517 |
| n | 20 | 22 | 6 | 9 | ||
| EPCs (cells/100 μL) | ||||||
| Before CPX | 84 ± 14 | 51 ± 7 | 0.049 | 28 ± 11 | 43 ± 6 | 0.292 |
| After CPX | 117 ± 20** | 63 ± 10* | 33 ± 10 | 46 ± 10 | ||
| n | 18 | 18 | 5 | 4 | ||
| Serum RBP4 (µg/mL) | 46.5 ± 3.6 | 51.5 ± 4.6 | 0.399 | 64.8 ± 8.7 | 93.1 ± 14.0 | 0.085 |
| Serum Adiponectin (µg/mL) | 8.3 ± 1.3 | 8.1 ± 1.0 | 0.893 | 12.3 ± 3.5 | 10.5 ± 2.4 | 0.714 |
| Serum VEGF (pg/mL) | 255 ± 22 | 264 ± 33 | 0.829 | 222 ± 48 | 308 ± 80 | 0.343 |
| Serum PlGF (pg/mL) | 10.8 ± 1.0 | 10.2 ± 0.5 | 0.635 | 9.1 ± 0.6 | 11.9 ± 0.8 | 0.009 |
| Serum hs‐CRP (mg/L) | 1.54 ± 0.52 | 2.17 ± 1.00 | 0.571 | 1.05 ± 0.23 | 2.47 ± 0.98 | 0.097 |
| Serum HMGB1 (pg/mL) | 3.8 ± 0.2 | 3.9 ± 0.3 | 0.797 | 3.8 ± 0.2 | 3.3 ± 0.3 | 0.151 |
| Serum CD146 (ng/mL) | 568 ± 31 | 523 ± 27 | 0.282 | 615 ± 31 | 633 ± 29 | 0.699 |
| n | 26 | 26 | 12 | 9 | ||
Values are mean ± SEM. Values are analyzed by Student's t‐test or paired t‐test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.001 vs the value before cardiopulmonary exercise stress test (CPX). AT, anaerobic threshold; CPX, cardio‐pulmonary exercise stress test; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; EPC, endothelial progenitor cells; FMD, flow‐mediated dilatation; hs‐CRP, high sensitive C‐reactive protein; HMGB1, high mobility group box 1; NMD, nitroglycerin‐mediated dilatation; PlGF, placental growth factor; RBP4, retinol‐binding protein 4; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; VO2, oxygen consumption.