Table 4.

Associations between sleep disturbances and low health-related quality of life among 2,391 US young adults aged 20–39 years: the NHANES 2005–2008

	Poor general health	Low physical HRQOL	Low mental HRQOL	Low overall HRQOL
	OR (95% CI)a	OR (95% CI)a	OR (95% CI)a	OR (95% CI)a
Inadequate sleep (< 7 hrs)	1.66 (1.19, 2.30)	1.58 (1.01, 2.46)	1.39 (0.96, 2.00)	1.54 (1.21, 1.96)
Sleep duration (ref: 7–8 hrs)
< 6 hrs	1.88 (1.23, 2.86)	1.55 (0.81, 2.95)	1.57 (1.07, 2.31)	1.76 (1.29, 2.40)
6–7 hrs	1.60 (1.08, 2.35)	1.53 (0.91, 2.57)	1.39 (0.88, 2.19)	1.49 (1.09, 2.04)
≥ 9 hrs	1.29 (0.81, 2.04)	0.82 (0.28, 2.41)	1.44 (0.74, 2.81)	1.32 (0.73, 2.40)
Insomnia	2.41 (1.71, 3.40)	1.22 (0.73, 2.04)	2.44 (1.65, 3.61)	2.47 (1.89, 3.21)
Insomnia symptoms
Trouble falling asleepb	1.23 (0.79, 1.92)	1.52 (0.89, 2.59)	2.50 (1.76, 3.55)	1.90 (1.37, 2.63)
Sleep latency ≥ 30 mins	1.32 (0.96, 1.81)	1.07 (0.66, 1.73)	1.46 (1.03, 2.07)	1.46 (1.10, 1.94)
Daytime sleepiness	1.65 (1.17, 2.34)	1.22 (0.72, 2.05)	2.57 (1.79, 3.69)	2.26 (1.66, 3.08)
Sleeping pill use	1.26 (0.70, 2.27)	1.11 (0.43, 2.82)	2.91 (1.76, 4.81)	2.41 (1.39, 4.19)
Diagnosed sleep disorder	1.27 (0.65, 2.47)	1.33 (0.56, 3.17)	0.77 (0.33, 1.79)	1.03 (0.68, 1.56)
Sleep apnea	1.32 (0.82, 2.12)	1.28 (0.69, 2.38)	1.14 (0.69, 1.91)	1.30 (0.91, 1.86)
Snoring	1.29 (0.88, 1.89)	0.72 (0.42, 1.23)	0.94 (0.68, 1.32)	1.01 (0.76, 1.33)
RLS	0.93 (0.56, 1.54)	1.12 (0.50, 2.48)	1.35 (0.76, 2.37)	1.01 (0.63, 1.62)

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; HRQOL, health-related quality of life; RLS, restless legs syndrome.

^aEach model for separate sleep disturbances with outcome variables adjusted for sex, age, poverty income ratio, race/ethnicity, country of birth, marital status, employment status, education level, physical activity participation, screen time, smoking status, illegal drug use, alcohol drinking, caffeine consumption, obesity, chronic disease, and depression.

^bEver told a doctor or other health professional having trouble falling asleep.