Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the 3,517 participants according to family history of diabetes.
| No family history | Family history | P‐valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 2,887 | 630 | |
| Women (%) | 41.7 | 43.9 | 0.303 |
| Age (years) | 46.3 ± 6.1 | 45.8 ± 6.0 | 0.051 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.0 ± 3.1 | 22.9 ± 3.1 | 0.634 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 91.1 ± 9.2 | 91.7 ± 9.4 | 0.121 |
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 5.3 ± 0.3 | 5.4 ± 0.4 | 0.078 |
| Fasting insulin (μU/mL) | 4.9 (3.0–7.0) | 4.9 (3.3–7.0) | 0.915 |
| HOMA‐IR | 1.05 (0.70–1.60) | 1.06 (0.70–1.60) | 0.688 |
| HOMA‐B | 66.6 (46.5–94.7) | 65.0 (45.0–94.7) | 0.344 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 207.9 ± 33.4 | 207.1 ± 33.3 | 0.592 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 85.9 (56.0–126.0) | 88.5 (58.0–128.0) | 0.248 |
| HDL‐cholesterol (mg/dL) | 62.4 ± 15.1 | 62.4 ± 16.5 | 0.993 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 117.7 ± 18.8 | 116.3 ± 17.0 | 0.087 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 74.8 ± 13.4 | 73.9 ± 12.2 | 0.135 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 2,048 ± 600 | 2,036 ± 613 | 0.632 |
| Smoking status (%) | 0.084 | ||
| Never smoker | 56.8 | 52.0 | |
| Ex‐smoker | 8.6 | 9.5 | |
| Current smoker | 34.6 | 38.5 | |
| Alcohol consumption | 0.340 | ||
| Never | 31.9 | 35.1 | |
| Occasional | 14.9 | 15.3 | |
| Consumption <20 g/day | 26.9 | 26.1 | |
| Consumption ≥20 g/day | 26.3 | 23.5 | |
| Habitual exercise – yes (%) | 24.0 | 27.0 | 0.113 |
| Presence of metabolic abnormalities (%) | |||
| High fasting plasma glucose | 3.9 | 4.6 | 0.451 |
| Hypertension | 29.3 | 26.2 | 0.118 |
| Dyslipidemia | 24.4 | 25.3 | 0.666 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 37.6 | 34.0 | 0.089 |
| Occupational class (%) | 0.038 | ||
| Non‐manual workers | 25.4 | 29.4 | |
| Manual workers | 74.6 | 70.6 |
Data are presented as n, mean ± standard deviation, geometric mean (interquartile range) or %.
a
P‐value for Student's t‐test for continuous variables and χ2‐test for categorical variables.