Table 3. Interactions between obesity, insulin resistance, lifestyle factors and family history of diabetes in the context of the incidence of diabetes in 3,517 Japanese men and women.
| Family history | n | Incidence rate (/1,000 person‐years) | Adjusted‐HR (95% CI)a | P‐value for interaction | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | 0.344 | ||||
| Men | No family history | 1,682 | 13.5 | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Family history | 355 | 23.1 | 1.62 (1.14–2.28) | ||
| Women | No family history | 1,202 | 5.6 | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Family history | 278 | 10.7 | 2.39 (1.36–4.22) | ||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 0.687 | ||||
| <22 | No family history | 1,165 | 4.5 | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Family history | 262 | 6.4 | 1.75 (0.84–3.62) | ||
| 22.0–24.9 | No family history | 1,032 | 10.2 | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Family history | 223 | 19.8 | 1.83 (1.13–2.97) | ||
| ≥25 | No family history | 687 | 19.9 | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Family history | 148 | 34.1 | 1.81 (1.16–2.81) | ||
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 0.212 | ||||
| <110 | No family history | 2,773 | 6.8 | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Family history | 601 | 12.2 | 1.87 (1.31–2.67) | ||
| 110–125 | No family history | 114 | 123.6 | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Family history | 29 | 180.3 | 1.54 (0.88–2.70) | ||
| HOMA‐IR (tertiles) | 0.478 | ||||
| <0.9 | No family history | 990 | 5.2 | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Family history | 214 | 11.2 | 2.26 (1.17–4.36) | ||
| 0.9–1.4 | No family history | 950 | 8.2 | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Family history | 203 | 15.0 | 1.96 (1.12–3.43) | ||
| ≥1.5 | No family history | 808 | 19.2 | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Family history | 179 | 30.3 | 1.56 (1.03–2.38) | ||
| HOMA‐B (tertiles) | 0.495 | ||||
| < 53.0 | No family history | 906 | 15.4 | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Family history | 203 | 24.2 | 1.54 (0.98–2.42) | ||
| 53.0–83.5 | No family history | 939 | 8.8 | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Family history | 197 | 17.9 | 2.09 (1.24–3.50) | ||
| ≥83.6 | No family history | 906 | 6.8 | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Family history | 196 | 12.1 | 1.99 (1.06–3.76) | ||
| Smoking status | 0.584 | ||||
| Never/former smoker | No family history | 1,884 | 7.6 | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Family history | 389 | 13.5 | 2.00 (1.32‐3.05) | ||
| Current smoker | No family history | 997 | 14.8 | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Family history | 244 | 23.8 | 1.59 (1.06–2.40) | ||
| Alcohol drinking | 0.060 | ||||
| Never/occasional drinker | No family history | 1,349 | 7.5 | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Family history | 319 | 16.0 | 2.74 (1.75–4.29) | ||
| Regular drinker | No family history | 1,535 | 12.4 | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Family history | 314 | 18.7 | 1.44 (0.97–2.15) | ||
| Habitual exercise | 0.288 | ||||
| No | No family history | 2,192 | 10.0 | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Family history | 462 | 15.6 | 1.55 (1.09–2.20) | ||
| Yes | No family history | 692 | 10.3 | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Family history | 171 | 22.1 | 2.47 (1.43–4.27) | ||
| Presence of metabolic abnormalitiesb | 0.835 | ||||
| No | No family history | 1,196 | 4.1 | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Family history | 285 | 8.1 | 1.99 (1.05–3.78) | ||
| Yes | No family history | 1,691 | 14.7 | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Family history | 345 | 25.2 | 1.73 (1.24–2.41) | ||
| Total energy intake (kcal/day, tertiles) | 0.526 | ||||
| <1,744 | No family history | 963 | 9.3 | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Family history | 216 | 9.4 | 1.48 (0.78–2.81) | ||
| 1,745‐2,194 | No family history | 952 | 8.8 | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Family history | 217 | 21.0 | 2.19 (1.34–3.59) | ||
| ≥2,195 | No family history | 969 | 12.0 | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Family history | 200 | 22.1 | 1.75 (1.10–2.80) | ||
| Occupational class | 0.485 | ||||
| Non‐manual worker | No family history | 732 | 5.4 | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Family history | 185 | 11.0 | 2.21 (1.05–4.67) | ||
| Manual worker | No family history | 2,155 | 11.5 | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Family history | 445 | 19.4 | 1.69 (1.23–2.33) | ||
a
Adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, smoking, alcohol consumption, habitual exercise, and presence of hypertension, dyslipidemia and hypercholesterolemia.
b
Metabolic abnormalities included hypertension, dyslipidemia and hypercholesterolemia. HOMA‐B, homeostasis model assessment for pancreatic β‐cell function; HOMA‐IR, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance.