Table 1.
General characteristics of the coronary artery calcification study (CACS)
| Controls (n = 169) | T1DM (n = 165) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
General |
|
|
|
| Age (years) |
38.0 ± 3.8 |
37.8 ± 4.3 |
0.75 |
| Sex (number of males/females) |
72/97 |
83/82 |
0.16 |
| Diabetes duration (y) |
- |
23.5 ± 7.6 |
- |
| HbA1c (%) |
5.31 ± 0.42 |
8.83 ± 1.53 |
<0.001 |
| Smoking, former or current (n (%)) |
84 (50) |
75 (46) |
0.44 |
| Pack-years of smoking for former or current smokers (y) |
8.6 [3.5-17.0] |
10.0 [4.5-18.0] |
0.87 |
| BMI (kg/m2) |
25.2 ± 4.5 |
25.4 ± 3.6 |
0.53 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio |
0.85 ± 0.08 |
0.87 ± 0.08 |
0.14 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) |
5.35 ± 1.02 |
5.32 ± 1.06 |
0.75 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) |
1.73 ± 0.40 |
1.84 ± 0.47 |
0.02 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) |
3.07 ± 0.93 |
2.95 ± 0.93 |
0.24 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) |
1.06 [0.76-1.44] |
0.97 [0.77-1.35] |
0.37 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) |
117 ± 14 |
124 ± 14 |
<0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) |
72 ± 10 |
73 ± 9 |
0.22 |
| eGFRMDRD (ml/min/1.73 m2) |
89 ± 16 |
97 ± 15 |
<0.001 |
| CAC score (units) |
0.0 [0.0-1.0] |
1.0 [0.0-5.0] |
<0.001 |
| CAC score > 10 (n (%)) |
2 (1) |
30 (18) |
<0.001 |
| hsCRP (mg/L) |
0.84 [0.43-1.76] |
1.04 [0.46-2.87] |
0.02 |
| sVCAM-1 (ng/mL) |
985 [820–1175] |
1161 [964–1374] |
<0.001 |
| vWF (%) |
87 [65–108] |
97 [72–126] |
<0.01 |
|
Advanced glycation endproducts |
|
|
|
| Pentosidine (nmol/mmol LYS) |
0.48 [0.41-0.58] |
0.65 [0.55-0.81] |
<0.001 |
| CML (nmol/mmol LYS) |
92.5 ± 15.7 |
104.6 ± 19.4 |
<0.001 |
| CEL (nmol/mmol LYS) |
14.5 ± 3.2 |
15.1 ± 3.7 |
0.12 |
| THP (U/mL) | 110.0 [94.0-123.2] | 117.8 [102.9-135.4] | 0.02 |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD), in case of a normal distribution of data, or as median [inter quartile range (IQR)], in case of a skewed distribution of data, unless otherwise indicated.
HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; BMI, body mass index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; BP, blood pressure; eGFRMDRD, estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate by abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation; CAC, coronary artery calcification; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; sVCAM-1, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; vWF, von Willebrand Factor; CML, N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine; CEL, N(epsilon)-(carboxyethyl)lysine; THP, tetrahydropyrimidine.